FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE – MICRO
INSTRUCTIONS:
It’s time to show your skills and knowledge of what you have learned!
This Final Exam contributes 230 points to your overall grade, so please do your best.
• There are 60 multiple choice questions worth 3 points each (180 total points).
• There are 5 Fill in the blanks question worth 3 points each (15 total points).
• There are 5 “Select all that apply” question worth 3 points each (15 total points).
• There is 1 matching question worth 5 points (5 total points).
• There is 1 essay question worth 5 points (5 total points).
• There is 1 essay questions worth 10 points (10 total points).
TCO 1: Given a list of Koch's postulates, analyze how early microbiologists proposed
hypotheses and performed experiments to determine the causes of various diseases.
Describe the contributions of Leeuwenhoek and Koch to the field of microbiology.
• Antotoi van Leewenhoek Father of the microscope and discovered protozoa and
• bacteria
Koch studied diseases causes, simple staining techniques, estimating CFU/ml, Use of
Petri dishes, transfer of bacteria, photomicrograph bacteria
Describe the six different categories in which the organisms described by Leeuwenhoek
were grouped.
1. Bacteria can cause disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, some lack cell walls some cell
walls contain peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually (E. coli, L. spp, S. spp)
2. Archaea- Never causes disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, cell wall composed of polymers
instead of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually
3. Fungi- can cause disease (Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell wall, reproduce
asexually by budding. (ex. Beer S. cereviae , yeast infection C. albicans)
4. Protozoa- cause disease (Eukaryotes) single celled, similar to animals nutrients needs
and cellular structure, live freely in water (ex. G. limblia, Plasmodium and malaria).
(capable of movement: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella)
5. Algae- No disease (Eukaryotes) unicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive
structures (ex. Alger plates Jello)
6. Small multicellular animals- worms, ticks, mosquitoes (Eukaryotes) can cause disease
7. Virus (could not observe)
,TCO 2 – Given pictures of a variety of microorganisms including fungi, protozoa, bacteria,
and viruses, classify each as prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular and compare and contrast
their structure and function.
• Describe cellular macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids, and the roles they play in cellular structures (Ch. 2)
1. Carbohydrates-energy source storage and structure
2. Proteins- are the cells structure composed of amino acids and peptide bonds involved
in the transportation of substances
3. Lipids –(fats, phospholipids, waxes) hydrophobic, provides energy and insulation
4. Nucleic acids- DNA (required for photosynthesis) and RNA (carries the information to
the cite of protein production)
• Compare and contrast molecular components of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea),
eukaryotes, and viruses as well as the environmental conditions these can be found in
1. Prokaryotes Bacteria
Internal structure – Endospores, Nucleoid, and Ribosomes (refer to unit 1
worksheet) External structures- Flagella, Fimbriae (sticky, short biofilms) , Pili
(transfer DNA), and Cell walls (protection, cell to cell attachment, give cells shape,
gram+, gram -)
(refer to unit 1 worksheet)
2. Archaea- have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan (uses PPG), have cytoplasmic
membranes, reproduce by; binary fusion, budding, or fragmentation. Extremophiles
(pH, temputure, and, salt).
• No nucleus
• Smaller then eukaryotes
• Diverse
3. Eukaryotes- Of the Eukaryotes fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa contain cell walls.
• Internally contains nucleus (house DNA and direct the synthesis of proteins )
and membrane bound organelles(Golgi body which play a role in lipid synthesis
and transport, mitochondria; has two bilayer membranes and where most ATP
is produced , chloroplasts; which uses light energy to produce ATP)
• The structure is more complex
• Contains a plasma membrane (composed of a bilayer of phospholipid
bilayer), cytoplasm, and ribosomes (larger then in prokaryotes)
• contain glycocalyces which strengthens the cells surface, protects it from
dehydration, and helps with anchoring animal’s cells to each other.
• Cell wall-contains different types of polysaccharides; Cellulose
, • A Classify and describe the general characteristics of prokaryotes.
• Cellular shapes (morphology)
• Cellular arrangements
• Describe Gram positive, Gram negative, and Acid Fast cell wall/membrane structures
including molecular components (lipids, acids, endotoxins, periplasmic space).
Gram Positive= has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids (endotoxin)
appear purple after staining.
Gram negative= thin layer of peptidoglycan, contains a bilayer membrane,
lipopolysaccharide (LPS lipid A portion is responsible for fevers), appears pink after
staining.
Acid Fast- A gram positive bacterium that has a thick layer of peptidoglycan but also up
to 60% mycolic acid. Causes TB and leprosy
• Compare/contrast methods of transport into and out of cells
The plasma membrane is responsible for allows molecules in and out of the cell because
it is selectively permeable. Molecules are only able to enter in (endocytosis) and out
(exocytosis) of the cell by passive, active and bulk transport.
INSTRUCTIONS:
It’s time to show your skills and knowledge of what you have learned!
This Final Exam contributes 230 points to your overall grade, so please do your best.
• There are 60 multiple choice questions worth 3 points each (180 total points).
• There are 5 Fill in the blanks question worth 3 points each (15 total points).
• There are 5 “Select all that apply” question worth 3 points each (15 total points).
• There is 1 matching question worth 5 points (5 total points).
• There is 1 essay question worth 5 points (5 total points).
• There is 1 essay questions worth 10 points (10 total points).
TCO 1: Given a list of Koch's postulates, analyze how early microbiologists proposed
hypotheses and performed experiments to determine the causes of various diseases.
Describe the contributions of Leeuwenhoek and Koch to the field of microbiology.
• Antotoi van Leewenhoek Father of the microscope and discovered protozoa and
• bacteria
Koch studied diseases causes, simple staining techniques, estimating CFU/ml, Use of
Petri dishes, transfer of bacteria, photomicrograph bacteria
Describe the six different categories in which the organisms described by Leeuwenhoek
were grouped.
1. Bacteria can cause disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, some lack cell walls some cell
walls contain peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually (E. coli, L. spp, S. spp)
2. Archaea- Never causes disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, cell wall composed of polymers
instead of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually
3. Fungi- can cause disease (Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell wall, reproduce
asexually by budding. (ex. Beer S. cereviae , yeast infection C. albicans)
4. Protozoa- cause disease (Eukaryotes) single celled, similar to animals nutrients needs
and cellular structure, live freely in water (ex. G. limblia, Plasmodium and malaria).
(capable of movement: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella)
5. Algae- No disease (Eukaryotes) unicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive
structures (ex. Alger plates Jello)
6. Small multicellular animals- worms, ticks, mosquitoes (Eukaryotes) can cause disease
7. Virus (could not observe)
,TCO 2 – Given pictures of a variety of microorganisms including fungi, protozoa, bacteria,
and viruses, classify each as prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular and compare and contrast
their structure and function.
• Describe cellular macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids, and the roles they play in cellular structures (Ch. 2)
1. Carbohydrates-energy source storage and structure
2. Proteins- are the cells structure composed of amino acids and peptide bonds involved
in the transportation of substances
3. Lipids –(fats, phospholipids, waxes) hydrophobic, provides energy and insulation
4. Nucleic acids- DNA (required for photosynthesis) and RNA (carries the information to
the cite of protein production)
• Compare and contrast molecular components of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea),
eukaryotes, and viruses as well as the environmental conditions these can be found in
1. Prokaryotes Bacteria
Internal structure – Endospores, Nucleoid, and Ribosomes (refer to unit 1
worksheet) External structures- Flagella, Fimbriae (sticky, short biofilms) , Pili
(transfer DNA), and Cell walls (protection, cell to cell attachment, give cells shape,
gram+, gram -)
(refer to unit 1 worksheet)
2. Archaea- have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan (uses PPG), have cytoplasmic
membranes, reproduce by; binary fusion, budding, or fragmentation. Extremophiles
(pH, temputure, and, salt).
• No nucleus
• Smaller then eukaryotes
• Diverse
3. Eukaryotes- Of the Eukaryotes fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa contain cell walls.
• Internally contains nucleus (house DNA and direct the synthesis of proteins )
and membrane bound organelles(Golgi body which play a role in lipid synthesis
and transport, mitochondria; has two bilayer membranes and where most ATP
is produced , chloroplasts; which uses light energy to produce ATP)
• The structure is more complex
• Contains a plasma membrane (composed of a bilayer of phospholipid
bilayer), cytoplasm, and ribosomes (larger then in prokaryotes)
• contain glycocalyces which strengthens the cells surface, protects it from
dehydration, and helps with anchoring animal’s cells to each other.
• Cell wall-contains different types of polysaccharides; Cellulose
, • A Classify and describe the general characteristics of prokaryotes.
• Cellular shapes (morphology)
• Cellular arrangements
• Describe Gram positive, Gram negative, and Acid Fast cell wall/membrane structures
including molecular components (lipids, acids, endotoxins, periplasmic space).
Gram Positive= has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids (endotoxin)
appear purple after staining.
Gram negative= thin layer of peptidoglycan, contains a bilayer membrane,
lipopolysaccharide (LPS lipid A portion is responsible for fevers), appears pink after
staining.
Acid Fast- A gram positive bacterium that has a thick layer of peptidoglycan but also up
to 60% mycolic acid. Causes TB and leprosy
• Compare/contrast methods of transport into and out of cells
The plasma membrane is responsible for allows molecules in and out of the cell because
it is selectively permeable. Molecules are only able to enter in (endocytosis) and out
(exocytosis) of the cell by passive, active and bulk transport.
