How does a health management organization (HMO) type of insurance lower
healthcare costs?
You have to see a provider within the HMO's network. The network is made
up of providers that have agreed to lower their rates for plan members and
also meet quality standards. If you opt to see a doctor outside of HMO, you
will have to pay the entire cost of medical services. You may need a primary
care physician (PCP) referral to be covered when seeing a specialist
What did the Affordable Care Act mandate?
(Obamacare), requires most Americans to have a basic level of health
insurance coverage. This requirement is commonly referred to as the law's
"individual mandate."
What is medical malpractice?
This occurs when a hospital, doctor, or health care professional, through a
negligent act or omission, causes injury to a patient. The negligence might
be the result of errors in diagnosis treatment, aftercare, or health
management
What are the top 10 health issues in the US?
1. Alcohol-related harms
2. Food safety
3. Health-care associated infections
4. Heart diseases and stroke
5. HIV
6. Motor Vehicle Injury
7. Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity
8. Prescription drug abuse
9. Teen pregnancy
10.Tobacco use
What is the social determinants of health? Describe the types
of SDH? Definition:
Determinants of health are factors that contribute to a person’s current
state of health. These could be biological factors, psychological factors,
behavioral factors, and social factors.
Social determinants of health are social conditions into which people are
born and that affect their daily lives and overall well being as they move
through the various stages of life.
Social determinants include factors that may have led to an individual’s
disadvantaged state to begin with- institutional racism, exposure to crime
and violence, a lack of
,available community-based resources, and many other factors that can all
be health- harming.
Types:
- Access to high-quality educational opportunities
Individuals with access to consistent, high-quality educational
opportunities are more likely to obtain higher-income jobs. With low-
quality education, low paying options will be availed which might not offer
health insurance as a jib benefit making it difficult for individuals to access
routine and specialty physician services.
Educational attainment and corresponding income levels tend to be strong
predictors of individual and population health.
- Access to medical care services
Individuals who do not live close to medical care providers are less likely to
see a physician regularly and will often seek care only in
emergencies,eschewing to preventing care ultimately leading toa decreases
quality of life.
- Access to social media and other technologies
The internet and cell phones are becoming increasingly useful in individual
and population health, from reminders of appointments to learning about
symptoms of diseases and to buying of insurance through state exchanges
under ACA.
- Availability of community-based resources and opportunities for
recreational activities
Community-based resources can connect residents to local health providers
and recreational/ physical activities increasing the likelihood of people leading
healthier lives overall
- Availability of resources tp meet daily needs
Individuals living in food deserts are more likely to consume fast foods or
other relatively unhealthier options contributing to a poor diet and high
levels of obesity and other diet- related diseases like diabetes and heart
disease
- culture
While traditions can have important positive effects in treating illness, cultural
norms can also impact health in unseen ways.
- language/ literacy
If adequate translation and interpretation services are not in place in health
care facilities, foreign-language speaking patients may be discouraged from
seeking care.
- Public safety
Individuals who live in dangerous neighborhoods tend to remain indoors,
which closes off opportunities for exercise and social interaction. People who
have less access to public transportation will miss doctors’ appointments.
Also, alcohol, drugs, violence, and adverse health outcomes are more
relevant in unsafe neighborhoods.
,- Residential segregation
, Physicians may prefer to set up their practice in locations dominated by
certain demographics. As a result, low income and minorities suffer from a
lack of healthcare facilities.
- Social norms and attitudes
Discriminatory attitudes remain a cause of health disparities. Bias in
physicians and other healthcare professionals plays a significant role in how
patients of certain races, gender, ethnicities, social status, age, and
education levels are treated. Patient attitudes about medical professions can
also affect health.
- Socioeconomic conditions
Concentrated poverty and the stressful conditions that accompany it can
have a jeopardizing effect on health. Greater wealth correlates with lower
rates of morbidity and longer life spans.
- Transportation options
Many individuals miss medical appointments because they cannot
afford private transportation and live long distances from reliable
public transportation.
How to SDH affect health outcomes
Relationship between SDH and health outcomes
Links can be drawn between social determinants and both physical and
mental health. Half of the deaths in the united states involve behavioral
causes.
Health-related behaviors are strongly shaped by three important social
factors: employment, education level, and income.
Lower socioeconomic status is associated with increased prevalence of
disease, morbidity, and mortality.
Access to safe, quality, affordable housing represents one of the most
influential SDH. Regardless of income or housing cost, living in a
predominantly minority neighborhood increases the likelihood of having
poor access to healthy food choices.
SDH play a significant role in mental health outcomes as well
Emotional stressors such as neighborhood violence, poverty, or familial
abuse can lead to severe consequences in life.
How is law a SDH ?
- Law can be used to design and perpetuate social conditions that
can have terrible physical, mental and emotional effects on
individuals and populations.
- Law can be used as a mechanism through which behaviors and
prejudices are transformed into distributions of well being among
populations.
- Law can be determinative of health through their under enforcement
healthcare costs?
You have to see a provider within the HMO's network. The network is made
up of providers that have agreed to lower their rates for plan members and
also meet quality standards. If you opt to see a doctor outside of HMO, you
will have to pay the entire cost of medical services. You may need a primary
care physician (PCP) referral to be covered when seeing a specialist
What did the Affordable Care Act mandate?
(Obamacare), requires most Americans to have a basic level of health
insurance coverage. This requirement is commonly referred to as the law's
"individual mandate."
What is medical malpractice?
This occurs when a hospital, doctor, or health care professional, through a
negligent act or omission, causes injury to a patient. The negligence might
be the result of errors in diagnosis treatment, aftercare, or health
management
What are the top 10 health issues in the US?
1. Alcohol-related harms
2. Food safety
3. Health-care associated infections
4. Heart diseases and stroke
5. HIV
6. Motor Vehicle Injury
7. Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity
8. Prescription drug abuse
9. Teen pregnancy
10.Tobacco use
What is the social determinants of health? Describe the types
of SDH? Definition:
Determinants of health are factors that contribute to a person’s current
state of health. These could be biological factors, psychological factors,
behavioral factors, and social factors.
Social determinants of health are social conditions into which people are
born and that affect their daily lives and overall well being as they move
through the various stages of life.
Social determinants include factors that may have led to an individual’s
disadvantaged state to begin with- institutional racism, exposure to crime
and violence, a lack of
,available community-based resources, and many other factors that can all
be health- harming.
Types:
- Access to high-quality educational opportunities
Individuals with access to consistent, high-quality educational
opportunities are more likely to obtain higher-income jobs. With low-
quality education, low paying options will be availed which might not offer
health insurance as a jib benefit making it difficult for individuals to access
routine and specialty physician services.
Educational attainment and corresponding income levels tend to be strong
predictors of individual and population health.
- Access to medical care services
Individuals who do not live close to medical care providers are less likely to
see a physician regularly and will often seek care only in
emergencies,eschewing to preventing care ultimately leading toa decreases
quality of life.
- Access to social media and other technologies
The internet and cell phones are becoming increasingly useful in individual
and population health, from reminders of appointments to learning about
symptoms of diseases and to buying of insurance through state exchanges
under ACA.
- Availability of community-based resources and opportunities for
recreational activities
Community-based resources can connect residents to local health providers
and recreational/ physical activities increasing the likelihood of people leading
healthier lives overall
- Availability of resources tp meet daily needs
Individuals living in food deserts are more likely to consume fast foods or
other relatively unhealthier options contributing to a poor diet and high
levels of obesity and other diet- related diseases like diabetes and heart
disease
- culture
While traditions can have important positive effects in treating illness, cultural
norms can also impact health in unseen ways.
- language/ literacy
If adequate translation and interpretation services are not in place in health
care facilities, foreign-language speaking patients may be discouraged from
seeking care.
- Public safety
Individuals who live in dangerous neighborhoods tend to remain indoors,
which closes off opportunities for exercise and social interaction. People who
have less access to public transportation will miss doctors’ appointments.
Also, alcohol, drugs, violence, and adverse health outcomes are more
relevant in unsafe neighborhoods.
,- Residential segregation
, Physicians may prefer to set up their practice in locations dominated by
certain demographics. As a result, low income and minorities suffer from a
lack of healthcare facilities.
- Social norms and attitudes
Discriminatory attitudes remain a cause of health disparities. Bias in
physicians and other healthcare professionals plays a significant role in how
patients of certain races, gender, ethnicities, social status, age, and
education levels are treated. Patient attitudes about medical professions can
also affect health.
- Socioeconomic conditions
Concentrated poverty and the stressful conditions that accompany it can
have a jeopardizing effect on health. Greater wealth correlates with lower
rates of morbidity and longer life spans.
- Transportation options
Many individuals miss medical appointments because they cannot
afford private transportation and live long distances from reliable
public transportation.
How to SDH affect health outcomes
Relationship between SDH and health outcomes
Links can be drawn between social determinants and both physical and
mental health. Half of the deaths in the united states involve behavioral
causes.
Health-related behaviors are strongly shaped by three important social
factors: employment, education level, and income.
Lower socioeconomic status is associated with increased prevalence of
disease, morbidity, and mortality.
Access to safe, quality, affordable housing represents one of the most
influential SDH. Regardless of income or housing cost, living in a
predominantly minority neighborhood increases the likelihood of having
poor access to healthy food choices.
SDH play a significant role in mental health outcomes as well
Emotional stressors such as neighborhood violence, poverty, or familial
abuse can lead to severe consequences in life.
How is law a SDH ?
- Law can be used to design and perpetuate social conditions that
can have terrible physical, mental and emotional effects on
individuals and populations.
- Law can be used as a mechanism through which behaviors and
prejudices are transformed into distributions of well being among
populations.
- Law can be determinative of health through their under enforcement
