CNS Pathology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT

CNS Pathology QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT Cerebellar cortex with Purkinje cells and granular neurons Correct answer "red dead" neurons- acute ischemic necrosis Correct answer Central chromatolysis Correct answerDegenerative changes to cell body proximal to axotomy;NIssl substance is dispersed or lysed because of disruption in axonal transport Control left of pic Lewy body inclusion Correct answeroften a-synuclein in Parkinson's disease Neurofibrillary tangle Correct answeroften made of Tau in Alzheimer's disease Cowdry A inclusions Correct answerIntranuclear inclusions shown in cells infected w/ HSV (would show up on Tzanck smear) Lipofuscin Correct answernormal accumulation of yellow pigments in neuronal cytoplasm with age Protoplasmic astrocytes Correct answerfound in gray matter, few thin processes Fibrous astrocytes Correct answerfound in white matter, coarse processes Gemistocytic astrocytes Correct answerstuffed with GFAP protein, may be associated with an astrocytoma Rosenthal fibers Correct answereosinophilic collections of GFAP in astrocytic processes (abundant in Alexander disease and pilocytic astrocytoma) Corpora amylacea Correct answercarbohydrate material in astrocytes that accumulate with age; normal/non pathological Alzheimer type 2 astroctyosis Correct answera response to elevated ammonia; increased synthesis of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes so there is no discernible cytoplasm; has nothing to do with Alzheimers; usually assoc with cirrhosis Normal oligodendrocytes in white matter Correct answer PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) Correct answerdestructive multifocal disease of oligodendrocytes, caused by the JC virus "moth eaten" gross appearance of white matter degeneration, enlarged 'ground glass' oligodendrocyte nuclei and atypical astrocytes MSA (multiple system atrophy) Correct answersee a-synuclein oligodendroglial inclusions Degenerative disorder Parkinsonian or Cerebellar types Can effect autonomic systems Granular ependymitis Correct answerdescription of gross morphological appearance of damaged ependyma. Damage to ependymal cells leads to sloughing off, leads to proliferation of subependymal glia Microglia Correct answerantigen presenting cells, "brain macrophage" nuclei assume a rod shape when activated Transtentorial (uncal) herniation Correct answerdisplacement of the temporal lobe, presses on CN III and parasympathetic fibers - ipsilateral pupil dilation -contralateral weakness - Duret hemorrhage in midbrain/pons Brain herniation Correct answer Cytotoxic edema Correct answercell membranes and Na/K pump fail leading to increases intracellular sodium and water; more prominent in grey matter Vasogenic edema Correct answerfluid leaks into the brain through an incompetent BBB from the vascular compartment into the extracellular space within the brain; more prominent in white matter 3-4 weeks Correct answerDorsal induction Neural tube closure Defects result in myelomeningocele, anencephaly Dx: elevated a-feto protein in amniotic fluid 5-6 weeks Correct answerVentral induction Cleavage of hemispheres, olfactory, optic nerve outgrowth Defects result in holoprosencephaly Defects in neuronal migration Correct answeroccur in 2nd trimester, 3-5 months gestation cause lissencephlay, agyria, pachygyria, polymicrogyria, heterotopia Agenesis of corpus callosum Correct answersee vertical rotation of lateral ventricles Occipital encephalocele Correct answerfailure of mesoderm only, posterior part of brain herniates into a sac Not a neural tube defect Radial glia Correct answerserve as scaffolding for migrating neuroblasts in the second trimester, facilitate columnar organization of cerebral cortex, eventually become astrocytes Bergmann astrocytes Correct answerradial glia in cerebellar cortex that persist into adulthood Arnold-Chiari malformation Correct answercerebellar vermis herniation associated with myelomeningocele Dandy-Walker malformation Correct answerhypoplasia of cerebellar vermis, possibly assoc with 4th ventricle outflow obstruction Encephaloclastic malformations Correct answerfirst and second trimester - acquired injury with attempts at repair, may manifest as neuronal migration abnormalities - schizencephaly, porencephaly, hydranencephaly, polycystic encephalopathy, periventricular leukomalacia Hydranencephaly Correct answersevere ischemic brain injury in 2nd trimester Porencephaly Correct answercyst or cavity in the brain usually the result of a destructive lesion/ in utero infarct schizencephaly Correct answerbilateral porencephaly, NOT a migration disturbance periventricular leukomalacia C