OPEN UNIVERSITY
MALAYSIA
BACHELOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH HONOURS
SEMESTER 12
ABKF2303
BUREAUCRACY AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
, ABSTRACT
To assist the government in determining its mandate, citizens should be involved as they best
know their needs. The significance of public participation in the process of policy formulation is
rooted in among others, the fact that public policy outputs and affects those to whom the policy
is targeted at. Public participation is regarded as one of the milestones of democracy and local
governance. Local government provides an ideal forum for allowing participatory democracy to
flourish as it is closest to the inhabitants. The question of what are the levels of public
participation in the making and implementation of policy in the recycling program. The issue of
sustainable waste management has become an important priority for policymakers and other
relevant stakeholders of Malaysia as the country prepares to project itself as a developed nation.
Despite several attempts by the government, such as the enactment of new laws and pursuing
privatization
INTRODUCTION
A policy is a rule written in legislation, a manual, or any written form of information. It can also
be informal information conveyed through directives, e-mails, or oral communication. Policies
are not the exclusive domain of the government. They are also made by private organizations,
groups, and individuals. 1 What is public policy? According to Frederick (1963:79), a proposed
course of action of a person, group, or government within a given environment providing
obstacles and opportunities which the policy was proposed to utilize and overcome in an effort to
reach a goal or realize an objective or purpose. Daneke and Steiss (1978) look at public policy as
“a broad guide to the present and future decisions, selected in light of given conditions from a
number of alternatives, the actual decision or set of decisions designed to carry out the chosen
course of action”.
Public participation is defined as the sum total of all citizens and communities – deliberately
taking part in a goal-oriented activity. Public participation involves the participation of members
1
Hardev Kaur, (2013). Bureaucracy and policy implementation: Open University Malaysia
MALAYSIA
BACHELOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH HONOURS
SEMESTER 12
ABKF2303
BUREAUCRACY AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
, ABSTRACT
To assist the government in determining its mandate, citizens should be involved as they best
know their needs. The significance of public participation in the process of policy formulation is
rooted in among others, the fact that public policy outputs and affects those to whom the policy
is targeted at. Public participation is regarded as one of the milestones of democracy and local
governance. Local government provides an ideal forum for allowing participatory democracy to
flourish as it is closest to the inhabitants. The question of what are the levels of public
participation in the making and implementation of policy in the recycling program. The issue of
sustainable waste management has become an important priority for policymakers and other
relevant stakeholders of Malaysia as the country prepares to project itself as a developed nation.
Despite several attempts by the government, such as the enactment of new laws and pursuing
privatization
INTRODUCTION
A policy is a rule written in legislation, a manual, or any written form of information. It can also
be informal information conveyed through directives, e-mails, or oral communication. Policies
are not the exclusive domain of the government. They are also made by private organizations,
groups, and individuals. 1 What is public policy? According to Frederick (1963:79), a proposed
course of action of a person, group, or government within a given environment providing
obstacles and opportunities which the policy was proposed to utilize and overcome in an effort to
reach a goal or realize an objective or purpose. Daneke and Steiss (1978) look at public policy as
“a broad guide to the present and future decisions, selected in light of given conditions from a
number of alternatives, the actual decision or set of decisions designed to carry out the chosen
course of action”.
Public participation is defined as the sum total of all citizens and communities – deliberately
taking part in a goal-oriented activity. Public participation involves the participation of members
1
Hardev Kaur, (2013). Bureaucracy and policy implementation: Open University Malaysia
