INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST CANADIAN EDITION

Unless otherwise noted, Introduction to Psychology – 1st Canadian Edition is (c) 2010 Charles Stangor. The textbook content was produced by Charles Stangor and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, except for the following changes and additions, which are (c) 2014 Jennifer Walinga, and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . The following changes were made to this book as a whole: • Canadian spellings were used • Imperial measurements were changed to metric • Added or changed content and references to reflect a Canadian perspective • Where appropriate, changed images to reflect Canadian specific content and references • Replaced copyrighted images with openly licensed images; if no replacement found, copyrighted images were removed. • For most existing videos, videos were embedded and QR codes added Chapter 2: NEW • Introduction to Major Perspectives Chapter 3: • Replaced “Consent Form: Interactions” with “Sample Research Consent Form” • Replaced “APA Guidelines on Human Care and Use of Animals in Research” with the Canadian Psychological Association guidelines Chapter 6: • Replaced National Sleep Foundation guidelines with those from the Canadian Sleep Society Chapter 9: • Added Thomas Sophonow and Michael Kliman examples to opening case study about Jennifer Thompson • Replaced States and Capital Cities table with Provinces and Capital Cities • Added Kent Cochrane example to section on severe amnesia • Added Gold Mountain Blues copyright case Chapter 10: • Added Vingilis-Jeremko & Vingilis 2006 researcher on gender differences in STEM performance to opening case study • Expanded section on bilingualism to include Canadian relevance Chapter 11: • Added Gavin England story to opening case study Chapter 12: • Changed text and images to Canadian content in Psychology in Everyday Life: Leaders and Leadership text box Chapter 13: • Added information on Romeo Dallaire to PSTD section Chapter 14: • Replaced ethical principles by the American Psychological Association with those from the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association in the Psychology in Everyday Life text box Chapter 15: • Sam Spady opening case study replaced with Jonathan Andrews story • Research Focus: The Culture of Honour was rewritten with an international perspective Chapter 16 – NEW • Stress, Health, and Coping Under the terms of the CC-BY license, you are free to copy, redistribute, modify or adapt this book as long as you provide attribution. Additionally, if you redistribute this textbook, in whole or in part, in either a print or digital format, then you must retain on every physical and/ or electronic page the following attribution: Download this book for free at For questions regarding this license, please contact . To learn more about B.C. Open Textbook project, visit Cover image: Another hand mirror reflection by Frank Kovalchek used under a CC-BY 2.0 license . Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition by Charles Stangor is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted Dedication From Original Author: Charles Stangor To Leslie Contents About the Book cc-by x Approach and Pedagogy Charles Stangor xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1. Introducing Psychology 1. Introducing Psychology 2 1.1 Psychology as a Science 4 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions 11 1.3 Chapter Summary 30 Chapter 2. Introduction to Major Perspectives 2. Introduction to Major Perspectives Jennifer Walinga cc-by 32 2.1 Biological Psychology Jennifer Walinga cc-by 34 2.2 Psychodynamic Psychology Jennifer Walinga cc-by 40 2.3 Behaviourist Psychology Jennifer Walinga cc-by 51 2.4 Humanist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Psychology Jennifer Walinga cc-by 58 2.5 Chapter Summary Jennifer Walinga cc-by 69 Chapter 3. Psychological Science 3. Psychological Science 71 3.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research 74 3.2 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviour 84 3.3 You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research 98 3.4 Chapter Summary 105 vi Chapter 4. Brains, Bodies, and Behaviour 4. Brains, Bodies, and Behaviour 108 4.1 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System 110 4.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour 117 4.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods 130 4.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System 137 4.5 Chapter Summary 144 Chapter 5. Sensing and Perceiving 5. Sensing and Perceiving 147 5.1 We Experience Our World through Sensation 149 5.2 Seeing 157 5.3 Hearing 175 5.4 Tasting, Smelling, and Touching 180 5.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception 186 5.6 Chapter Summary 195 Chapter 6. States of Consciousness 6. States of Consciousness 198 6.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action 201 6.2 Altering Consciousness with Psychoactive Drugs 213 6.3 Altering Consciousness without Drugs 227 6.4 Chapter Summary 236 Chapter 7. Growing and Developing 7. Growing and Developing 239 7.1 Conception and Prenatal Development 242 7.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning 247 7.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity 263 7.4 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives 271 7.5 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement 278 7.6 Chapter Summary 285 Chapter 8. Learning 8. Learning 287 8.1 Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning 289 8.2 Changing Behaviour through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning 295 8.3 Learning by Insight and Observation 302 8.4 Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behaviour 307 8.5 Chapter Summary 315 vii Chapter 9. Remembering and Judging 9. Remembering and Judging 318 9.1 Memories as Types and Stages 323 9.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory 334 9.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition 350 9.4 Chapter Summary 364 Chapter 10. Intelligence and Language 10. Intelligence and Language 366 10.1 Defining and Measuring Intelligence 369 10.2 The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence 384 10.3 Communicating with Others: The Development and Use of Language 394 10.4 Chapter Summary 408 Chapter 11. Emotions and Motivations 11. Emotions and Motivations 411 11.1 The Experience of Emotion 415 11.2 Stress: The Unseen Killer 426 11.3 Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness 439 11.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating 446 11.5 Chapter Summary 459 Chapter 12. Personality 12. Personality 462 12.1 Personality and Behaviour: Approaches and Measurement 464 12.2 The Origins of Personality 481 12.3 Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Behavioural and Molecular Genetics 494 12.4 Chapter Summary 501 Chapter 13. Defining Psychological Disorders 13. Defining Psychological Disorders 504 13.1 Psychological Disorder: What Makes a Behaviour Abnormal? 505 13.2 Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders: Fearing the World Around Us 518 13.3 Mood Disorders: Emotions as Illness 529 13.4 Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousness 537 13.5 Personality Disorders 544 13.6 Somatoform, Factitious, and Sexual Disorders 551 13.7 Chapter Summary 559 Chapter 14. Treating Psychological Disorders viii 14. Treating Psychological Disorders 562 14.1 Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapy 565 14.2 Reducing Disorder Biologically: Drug and Brain Therapy 579 14.3 Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situation 588 14.4 Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works? 593 14.5 Chapter Summary 601 Chapter 15. Psychology in Our Social Lives 15. Psychology in Our Social Lives 604 15.1 Social Cognition: Making Sense of Ourselves and Others 606 15.2 Interacting With Others: Helping, Hurting, and Conforming 623 15.3 Working With Others: The Costs and Benefits of Social Groups 641 15.4 Chapter Summary 650 Chapter 16. Stress, Health, and Coping 16. Health, Stress, and Coping Jennifer Walinga cc-by 653 16.1 Health and Stress Jennifer Walinga cc-by 655 16.2 Stress and Coping Jennifer Walinga cc-by 661 16.3 Stress, Health, and Coping in the Workplace Jennifer Walinga cc-by 672 16.4 Chapter Summary Jennifer Walinga cc-by 679 About the Authors 680 ix About the Book Introduction to Psychology-1st Canadian Edition was adapted by Jennifer Walinga from Charles Stangor’s textbook, Introduction to Psychology. For information about what was changed in this adaptation, refer to the Copyright statement at the bottom of the home page. This adaptation is a part of the B.C. Open Textbook project. In October 2012, the B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education announced its support for the creation of open textbooks for the 40 highest-enrolled first and second year subject areas in the province’s public post-secondary system. Open textbooks are open educational resources (OER); they are instructional resources created and shared in ways so that more people have access to them. This is a different model than traditionally copyrighted materials. OER are defined as “teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others” (Hewlett Foundation). Our open textbooks are openly licensed using a Creative Commons license, and are offered in various e-book formats free of charge, or as printed books that are available at cost. For more information about this project, please contact . If you are an instructor who is using this book for a course, please let us know.