Impact of Materials on Society

atomic properties density, mass etc ex) compare magnesium tungsten with aerogel thermal properties melting point, thermal conductivity etc ex compare aerogel with a diamond mechanical properties strength, ductility, hardness, etc ex) compare ductility before and after quenching car aluminum/steel/magnesium optical properties color reflectivity etc magnetic properties electricity properties of Metals High density, strong, ductile High thermal and electrical conductivity. Opaque, reflective Can corrode properties of Ceramics Medium density Brittle, glassy, inelastic Non-conducting (insulators). Corrosion resistant. properties of Polymers Long carbon chains Soft, ductile Low strength, low density, Thermal and electrical insulators , corrosion resistant Composites Where your mixing two or more materials; particle reinforced. Ex: concrete. Role of Clay Ancient uses of clay -Buliding materials -writing materials -cooking materials -storage materials -sling ammuniton -musical instuments -medical (Ermenian bole/ early milk of magneisa) Clay modern uses -pottery -builiding materials -odor absorbants (cat litter) -oil drilling wells -gasoline production -paper making -cement production -mold binders Clay structure/definition Clay composition Usually Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), and Oxygen (O), and other elements sometimes Clay definition Naturally occurring material composed of grained materials that show plasticity (flexibility), when different water amounts are added. Clay can be harden when its dried and/or fried (heated) Clay properties High strength in compression (after firing). Poor strength in tension. You wouldn't want to build a clay bridge. It would collapse Clay history -Paleolithic (2.5 M to 15,000 yrs ago) *Central Europe *Clay figurines -Mesolithic (15,000-11,000) *Japanese Pottery -Neolithic (10,000 to 5000 years ago) *Jerico/Israel clay bricks *rise of the mesopotamian/sumarians *potters wheel *cuneiform clay tablets/ writing Kaolinite vs Montmorillonite Kaolinite Clay -1:1ratio Al:Si -1 part Al2O3 -2 parts SiO2 -2 parts H2O Called china clay, white -low shirink-swell capacity -Heat below 550C and its reversable drying -heat above 1000C and you make stoneware dishes -Used in porcelain, toothpaste, cosmetics, paint, organic farming etc. Montmorillonite Clay -2:1 ratio tetrahedron: octohedron -Mix of Na, Ca, Al, Mg and Si oxides with H2o -the "MUTT" of clays (mixed with a bunch of different shit -has a large shrink-swell capacity -Used in oil drilling, cores of dams, cat litter, helps nucleotides assemble into RNA. Catal Hoyuk, Importance, history -the "Age of Clay" -very large, well preserved settlement in S. turkey Konya Plain -neolithic, occupated many thousands of yrs ago -excavated in 1960 by J. Mellart -all houses adobe(sun-dried mud brick) -not enough trees to fire bricks -deeper clay mortar, shallow clay bricks -buried dead under floor, clay absorb odor/liquids Entanglement principals -Humans depend of things, and those things depend on other things which depend on other things, and things depend on humans Theory of Entanglement Ian Hodder Rare Earth Entanglement -they arent all that rare -Termed that way cause they are difficult to smelt -chemically they are very similar -often found in clay -difficult to isolate -very polluting Operational chain -irreversibility, think ahead -soc/econ knowledge how to use -the process by which affordances of both materials and societies are assembled and disassembled as things are made, used and discarded. relationship to entanglement Cradle to Grave Amorphous Materials -When something lacks a crystalline structure ex obsidian (volcanic glass, spear points) Flintknapping controlled reduction of glass-like rock -right material (b/c multi functional) -skill/knowledge (apply controlled force) -make flakes/blades (sharper than surgical steel) -amorphous isotropic - any shape Natron and Calcium Carbonate** Natron (aka nile slime) &soda lime glass -NaCO3 -together with sand and a network modifier (sodium) lowered the melting point. -then adding in Ca Oxide (lime) made soda lime glass Faience -glazed ceramic ware, often times decorated with tin. -made in Egypt with Nile sediment -"glass surface on another object" Soda Lime Glass** ... Glass -transition temperature: 1713 degrees C polymer transitions from a hard, glassy like state to a soft rubbery one -silicon valence of 4 -Pyrex: glass with low thermal expansion (cookware) -obsidian -lightning made glass, fulgurites -inorgainc, nonmetal solid -brittle, high metling point, poor conductor, chemically resistant -waterproof Crystallinty: DOES NOT EXIST. its amorphous (frozen liquid Ceramics -early form heat treatment of clay -technical ceramics quartz, alumina, carbide, nitride etc -Medium density -Brittle, glassy, inelastic -Non-conducting (insulators). -Corrosion resistant. -inorganic, nonmetal solid -brittle, high melting point, poor conductor, stiff -chemically resistant, waterproof -Crystallinty varies from crystalline to semicrystaline to amorphous Functional ceramics materials that can convert energy from one form to another or respond in unusual ways to external stimuli Cupellation Process where you heat up lead sulfide (Galina) and put in bone or ceramic or shells and Lead oxidzes