GEOG 2110 - Notes (W22)
, Introduction JANUARY 12TH
WEATHER V5 CLIMATE -
DIFFERENCE IN TIME
Weather short time period Climate longtime period
-
•
- -
↳ ↳
Erratic Slow and
changes gradual change
↳ ↳
Atmospheric conditions
Longterm records
CLIMATE VARIABILITY VS CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate variability and extremes abrupt and Climate variability is annual fluctuations around
along term
'
are
average
•
-
short lived Climate term continuous
change long change
.
-
is -
HOW DO WE MEASURE CLIMATE ?
satellite data measures what's
happening now Physical records provide historical climate records
- •
-
5 COMPONENTS OF A CLIMATE SYSTEM
Cryosphere polar ice sea ice , permafrost Hydrosphere oceans , lakes rivers
• '
caps
: - :
, , ,
seasonal snow cover
glaciers Biosphere ecosystem
'
,
mountain :
Geosphere :/ and Atmosphere
•
air
-
:
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate
Forcing's the initial drivers of climate change External
forcingsexist outside of climate systems and
.
•
-
Positive
forcing results in climate warming affect the
global energy balance resulting in climate change
'
,
Negative forcing results in climate cooling Forcingscan be natural or anthropogenic
- -
EXTERNAL FORCINGS AND CLIMATE RESPONSES
CLIMATE FORCING PLATE TECTONICS -
locations
Changes continent and Ocean sizes and Alters atmospheric and oceanic circulation
'
-
changes sizes and position of mountain Very slow processes over millions of years
' -
ranges
last 1- 250m42)
supercontinent was
Pangaea
'
PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALE OCEANOGRAPHY
Changes in location of continents due to tectonics will Development of mountains and
changes in ocean and air
' '
location
cause
changes in climate currents will also alter climate at a
given
CLIMATE FORCING ORBITAL CHANGES-
Variations in the orbit around the Sun / Milankovitch Cycles) Eccentricity 100000 yr period
' '
=
Effects the of solar radiation the Earth 's Obliquity 41000 yr period
-
amount
-
=
surface Precession 27000 yr period
'
receives -_
CLIMATE FORCING -
SOLAR VARIABILITY
Changes in the strength of the sun's radiation Both
long-term and short-term
-
'
Affects the amount of solar radiation the Earth Sunspots are example of
receives an
long-term
- .
CLIMATE FORCING -
ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING
GHGs due to human activities Landover / urbanization
change the changes agriculture
• i
, ,
atmospheric composition deforestation etc ) ,
.
Landover
changes albedo carbon
'
>
sequestration
-
,
,RESPONSE AND REACTION TIME
Reaction Time time Response Time amount of time it takes to
it takes the climate system get halfway
• -
-
-
to react fully to a
change in
forcing towards equilibrium
FORCING US RESPONSE
fast response / ex tectonics)
Slow
forcing If
forcing time response there's dynamic response
-
-_
a
- -
-
.
response )
↳
Fast
forcing slow response / often little to Rare the real world
-
__
no in
CYCLIC FORCING AND RESPONSE
Cyclic forcing produces acyclic response Response time is the same but
forcing is changing
.
'
FEEDBACK WITHIN CLIMATE SYSTEMS
Climate Feedbacks processes that can either simplify Positive Feedback increases an initial
warming
-
.
- -
diminish the effects of climate
or
forcing's
Negative Feedback reduces an initial
warming
•
-
, Earth's Climate System Today JANUARY 14TH
HEATING THE EARTH
Exogenic energy Eugenic energy is composed of electromagnetic radiation
-
-
↳ Drives Earth 's climate system from the Sun
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
Top of the atmosphere -1368W / m2 70% of radiation reaches the climate system
- '
incoming
rotating Earth -342W / m2
↳
Top of the 30% reflected back to space
-
is
213 ↳
238W / m2
contributes to
heating Earth and the lower
Average amount retained is
-
atmosphere ( troposphere)
INCOMING + OUTGOING RADIATION
Most radiation that hits Earth 's surface
Incoming shortwave radiation
light
>
is visible
- '
-
/ heat)
Outgoing longwave radiation
-
-
>
ALL OBJECTS RADIATE HEAT
Amount of radiation an based on the
object emits is
•
object 's temperature
Awarmerobejectemits more radiation than a cooler
•
object
Any object whose temperature is greater than absolute
-
zero contains some heat that is
,
being radiated away
from that object
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Natural
greenhouse effect is a critical component of
-
the Earth 's climate
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION
sunhitsthesurfaceatagreaterangle.at/-hepo1es--Al- the equator sun hits more directly radiation is focused on
-
-
,
/ cooler ) (holter)
radiation
isspreadoveralargerarea a smaller area
↳
2.5 times more insolation at the
equator
INCOMING RADIATION VARIES SEASONALLY
As the Earth orbits around the Sun the tilt causes
Changes in albedo throughout the year also affects the
-
.
,
different hemispheres to face the sun
throughout the year amount of radiation absorbed at Earth 's surface
LATITUDINAL DIFFERENCES
23.50N and S is where insolation is the
strongest Sea ice cover in the increases albedo
.
poles more
-
-
>
insolation reflected
ALBEDO OF DIFFERENT SURFACES
affected by surface
Albedo
percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected Albedo colour and incident
angle
-
is
-
-
rather than absorbed
ALBEDO AND SUN ANGLE
less than 5% reflected / water)
sun
angle controls heat absorption High incidence angle
-
-
-
Latitudinal differences have influence Low incidence reflection
-
on albedo
an
angle
•
-_
more
POLES V5 EQUATOR
The poles / high latitudes) retain less of the little The
equator / tropics / low latitudes) retain more of the
large
• -
radiation they receive amount of radiation they receive
SURFACE ALBEDO VARIES SEASONALLY
In the Arctic sea places exists for multiple sea ice around Antarctica expands and contracts annually
' -
,
ice in many ,
years at a time
altering the surface albedo in the southern hemisphere
Most in the northern hemisphere come from
changes
'
snow cover Overland masses
, Introduction JANUARY 12TH
WEATHER V5 CLIMATE -
DIFFERENCE IN TIME
Weather short time period Climate longtime period
-
•
- -
↳ ↳
Erratic Slow and
changes gradual change
↳ ↳
Atmospheric conditions
Longterm records
CLIMATE VARIABILITY VS CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate variability and extremes abrupt and Climate variability is annual fluctuations around
along term
'
are
average
•
-
short lived Climate term continuous
change long change
.
-
is -
HOW DO WE MEASURE CLIMATE ?
satellite data measures what's
happening now Physical records provide historical climate records
- •
-
5 COMPONENTS OF A CLIMATE SYSTEM
Cryosphere polar ice sea ice , permafrost Hydrosphere oceans , lakes rivers
• '
caps
: - :
, , ,
seasonal snow cover
glaciers Biosphere ecosystem
'
,
mountain :
Geosphere :/ and Atmosphere
•
air
-
:
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate
Forcing's the initial drivers of climate change External
forcingsexist outside of climate systems and
.
•
-
Positive
forcing results in climate warming affect the
global energy balance resulting in climate change
'
,
Negative forcing results in climate cooling Forcingscan be natural or anthropogenic
- -
EXTERNAL FORCINGS AND CLIMATE RESPONSES
CLIMATE FORCING PLATE TECTONICS -
locations
Changes continent and Ocean sizes and Alters atmospheric and oceanic circulation
'
-
changes sizes and position of mountain Very slow processes over millions of years
' -
ranges
last 1- 250m42)
supercontinent was
Pangaea
'
PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALE OCEANOGRAPHY
Changes in location of continents due to tectonics will Development of mountains and
changes in ocean and air
' '
location
cause
changes in climate currents will also alter climate at a
given
CLIMATE FORCING ORBITAL CHANGES-
Variations in the orbit around the Sun / Milankovitch Cycles) Eccentricity 100000 yr period
' '
=
Effects the of solar radiation the Earth 's Obliquity 41000 yr period
-
amount
-
=
surface Precession 27000 yr period
'
receives -_
CLIMATE FORCING -
SOLAR VARIABILITY
Changes in the strength of the sun's radiation Both
long-term and short-term
-
'
Affects the amount of solar radiation the Earth Sunspots are example of
receives an
long-term
- .
CLIMATE FORCING -
ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING
GHGs due to human activities Landover / urbanization
change the changes agriculture
• i
, ,
atmospheric composition deforestation etc ) ,
.
Landover
changes albedo carbon
'
>
sequestration
-
,
,RESPONSE AND REACTION TIME
Reaction Time time Response Time amount of time it takes to
it takes the climate system get halfway
• -
-
-
to react fully to a
change in
forcing towards equilibrium
FORCING US RESPONSE
fast response / ex tectonics)
Slow
forcing If
forcing time response there's dynamic response
-
-_
a
- -
-
.
response )
↳
Fast
forcing slow response / often little to Rare the real world
-
__
no in
CYCLIC FORCING AND RESPONSE
Cyclic forcing produces acyclic response Response time is the same but
forcing is changing
.
'
FEEDBACK WITHIN CLIMATE SYSTEMS
Climate Feedbacks processes that can either simplify Positive Feedback increases an initial
warming
-
.
- -
diminish the effects of climate
or
forcing's
Negative Feedback reduces an initial
warming
•
-
, Earth's Climate System Today JANUARY 14TH
HEATING THE EARTH
Exogenic energy Eugenic energy is composed of electromagnetic radiation
-
-
↳ Drives Earth 's climate system from the Sun
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
Top of the atmosphere -1368W / m2 70% of radiation reaches the climate system
- '
incoming
rotating Earth -342W / m2
↳
Top of the 30% reflected back to space
-
is
213 ↳
238W / m2
contributes to
heating Earth and the lower
Average amount retained is
-
atmosphere ( troposphere)
INCOMING + OUTGOING RADIATION
Most radiation that hits Earth 's surface
Incoming shortwave radiation
light
>
is visible
- '
-
/ heat)
Outgoing longwave radiation
-
-
>
ALL OBJECTS RADIATE HEAT
Amount of radiation an based on the
object emits is
•
object 's temperature
Awarmerobejectemits more radiation than a cooler
•
object
Any object whose temperature is greater than absolute
-
zero contains some heat that is
,
being radiated away
from that object
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Natural
greenhouse effect is a critical component of
-
the Earth 's climate
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION
sunhitsthesurfaceatagreaterangle.at/-hepo1es--Al- the equator sun hits more directly radiation is focused on
-
-
,
/ cooler ) (holter)
radiation
isspreadoveralargerarea a smaller area
↳
2.5 times more insolation at the
equator
INCOMING RADIATION VARIES SEASONALLY
As the Earth orbits around the Sun the tilt causes
Changes in albedo throughout the year also affects the
-
.
,
different hemispheres to face the sun
throughout the year amount of radiation absorbed at Earth 's surface
LATITUDINAL DIFFERENCES
23.50N and S is where insolation is the
strongest Sea ice cover in the increases albedo
.
poles more
-
-
>
insolation reflected
ALBEDO OF DIFFERENT SURFACES
affected by surface
Albedo
percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected Albedo colour and incident
angle
-
is
-
-
rather than absorbed
ALBEDO AND SUN ANGLE
less than 5% reflected / water)
sun
angle controls heat absorption High incidence angle
-
-
-
Latitudinal differences have influence Low incidence reflection
-
on albedo
an
angle
•
-_
more
POLES V5 EQUATOR
The poles / high latitudes) retain less of the little The
equator / tropics / low latitudes) retain more of the
large
• -
radiation they receive amount of radiation they receive
SURFACE ALBEDO VARIES SEASONALLY
In the Arctic sea places exists for multiple sea ice around Antarctica expands and contracts annually
' -
,
ice in many ,
years at a time
altering the surface albedo in the southern hemisphere
Most in the northern hemisphere come from
changes
'
snow cover Overland masses
