Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
1
(ALL SUGGESTED FIGURES & SUGGESTED IMAGES ARE FOUND ON LAST PGS.)))
Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function
Anatomy & Physiology
A. Know the components, layers of the heart itself, movement through the different vessels, SA node/AV
node
Components: fibrous skeleton, cardiac muscle, and impulse conduction system constitute the basic framework
of the heart
Pericardium: fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of vessels that enter/leave heart
● fibrous pericardium, composed of tough, white fibrous tissue, fits loosely around the heart, protecting it
● serous pericardium: parietal layer (lines inside of fibrous pericardium), visceral layer (adheres to the
surface of the heart)
● pericardial space: contains pericardial fluid that lubricates the surfaces of the space and allows the heart
to move easily during contraction
Layers of the heart wall:
● epicardium (outermost layer, is the visceral layers of the serous pericardium, covers the heart and
great vessels, made up of epithelial cells overlying connective tissue)
● myocardium (middle layer, muscular layer that contracts, controlled by autonomic nervous system)
● endocardium (very thin, 3 layered membrane, lines interior of heart, covers valves)
○ inner layer consists of endothelial cells supported by thin layer of fibrous tissue with elastin
○ middle layer is dense fibrous tissue with elastin
○ outer layer more dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves continuous with
myocardium
Chambers of the heart: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Circulatory System
● Pulmonary circulation: moves blood from pulmonary artery into lungs and allows oxygenation and gas
exchange at capillary bed; low pressure system and allows blood to move through lungs slowly which is
important for gas exchange
● Systemic circulation: begins at the aorta, blood obtained from left ventricle and moved into tissue for
oxygenation. Cells get oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flows through veins back to the heart
○ veins in lower section of body drain into the inferior vena cava and veins from upper section of
body drain into the superior vena cava. BOTH IVC and SVC drain into right atrium.
● SEE DIAGRAMS OF HEART BELOW
Conduction System
● SA node- located in high right atrium; normal origination of of conduction pathway; generates impulses
at 60-100bpm; pacemaker of the heart
● AV node- located in right atrium adjacent to septum; only initiates impulses if not receiving from SA
node, intrinsic rate of 40-60bpm; impulses delayed through AV node so that atria contracts right
before ventricle
● Bundle of His
,Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
● L and R bundle branches
,Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
● Purkinje fibers
● *note: ventricular intrinsic contraction rate if impulse not received is 20-40bpm
It is the spread of electrical activity beginning at the sinoatrial node ---> atrioventricular node----> down to
bundle of His----> then along the Purkinje fibres.
This process initiates myocardial contraction in the surrounding myocardial tissue.
B. Normal O2/CO2 exchange
Pulmonary circulation: movement of blood from the heart to the lungs for
oxygenation, then back to the heart again. Leaving systemic circulation
oxygen-depleted blood from the body enters --> right atrium through the
superior and inferior venae cavae------------------------------------------------->The
blood
is then pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle→
pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery→ The pulmonary artery splits
into the right and left pulmonary arteries and travel to each lung.
In the lungs, the blood travels through capillary beds on the alveoli where gas exchange occurs, removing
carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the blood. Gas exchange occurs due to gas partial pressure gradients
across the the alveoli of the lungs and the capillaries interwoven in the alveoli. The oxygenated blood then
leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns it to the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit.
As the pulmonary circuit ends, the systemic circuit begins.
Systemic circulation: movement of blood from the heart through the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to
the tissues of the body while bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood enters the left
atrium from the pulmonary veins ---> mitral valve into the left ventricle > pumped through the aortic valve
and into the aorta, the body’s largest artery. The aorta arches and branches into major arteries to the upper body
before passing through the diaphragm, where it branches further into the illiac, renal, and suprarenal arteries
which supply the lower parts of the body.
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/17%3A_Cardiovascular_System
%3A_The_Heart/17.2%3A_Circulation_and_Heart_Valves/17.2D%3A_Systemic_and_Pulmonary_Circulation
C. Difference in the male versus female anatomy of heart the male heart are usually slight;y
larger at0.45% of body weight while womens are 0.40% of body weight (p.119 book)
D. Heart cycle with its corresponding sounds on exam (diastole, systole)
The cardiac cycle represents the hemodynamic and electric changes that occur in systole and diastole.
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
1. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction: This phase marks the beginning of systole and starts with
the appearance of the QRS complex on the EKG and the closure of the AV valves. With all
valves closed, the ventricle generates positive pressure without any change in its volume
(isovolumetric) to overcome the semilunar valves resistance that open. This phase usually lasts
, Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
for 6% of the cardiac cycle.
1
(ALL SUGGESTED FIGURES & SUGGESTED IMAGES ARE FOUND ON LAST PGS.)))
Chapter 4 Cardiovascular Function
Anatomy & Physiology
A. Know the components, layers of the heart itself, movement through the different vessels, SA node/AV
node
Components: fibrous skeleton, cardiac muscle, and impulse conduction system constitute the basic framework
of the heart
Pericardium: fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of vessels that enter/leave heart
● fibrous pericardium, composed of tough, white fibrous tissue, fits loosely around the heart, protecting it
● serous pericardium: parietal layer (lines inside of fibrous pericardium), visceral layer (adheres to the
surface of the heart)
● pericardial space: contains pericardial fluid that lubricates the surfaces of the space and allows the heart
to move easily during contraction
Layers of the heart wall:
● epicardium (outermost layer, is the visceral layers of the serous pericardium, covers the heart and
great vessels, made up of epithelial cells overlying connective tissue)
● myocardium (middle layer, muscular layer that contracts, controlled by autonomic nervous system)
● endocardium (very thin, 3 layered membrane, lines interior of heart, covers valves)
○ inner layer consists of endothelial cells supported by thin layer of fibrous tissue with elastin
○ middle layer is dense fibrous tissue with elastin
○ outer layer more dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves continuous with
myocardium
Chambers of the heart: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Circulatory System
● Pulmonary circulation: moves blood from pulmonary artery into lungs and allows oxygenation and gas
exchange at capillary bed; low pressure system and allows blood to move through lungs slowly which is
important for gas exchange
● Systemic circulation: begins at the aorta, blood obtained from left ventricle and moved into tissue for
oxygenation. Cells get oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flows through veins back to the heart
○ veins in lower section of body drain into the inferior vena cava and veins from upper section of
body drain into the superior vena cava. BOTH IVC and SVC drain into right atrium.
● SEE DIAGRAMS OF HEART BELOW
Conduction System
● SA node- located in high right atrium; normal origination of of conduction pathway; generates impulses
at 60-100bpm; pacemaker of the heart
● AV node- located in right atrium adjacent to septum; only initiates impulses if not receiving from SA
node, intrinsic rate of 40-60bpm; impulses delayed through AV node so that atria contracts right
before ventricle
● Bundle of His
,Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
● L and R bundle branches
,Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
● Purkinje fibers
● *note: ventricular intrinsic contraction rate if impulse not received is 20-40bpm
It is the spread of electrical activity beginning at the sinoatrial node ---> atrioventricular node----> down to
bundle of His----> then along the Purkinje fibres.
This process initiates myocardial contraction in the surrounding myocardial tissue.
B. Normal O2/CO2 exchange
Pulmonary circulation: movement of blood from the heart to the lungs for
oxygenation, then back to the heart again. Leaving systemic circulation
oxygen-depleted blood from the body enters --> right atrium through the
superior and inferior venae cavae------------------------------------------------->The
blood
is then pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle→
pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery→ The pulmonary artery splits
into the right and left pulmonary arteries and travel to each lung.
In the lungs, the blood travels through capillary beds on the alveoli where gas exchange occurs, removing
carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the blood. Gas exchange occurs due to gas partial pressure gradients
across the the alveoli of the lungs and the capillaries interwoven in the alveoli. The oxygenated blood then
leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns it to the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit.
As the pulmonary circuit ends, the systemic circuit begins.
Systemic circulation: movement of blood from the heart through the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to
the tissues of the body while bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Oxygenated blood enters the left
atrium from the pulmonary veins ---> mitral valve into the left ventricle > pumped through the aortic valve
and into the aorta, the body’s largest artery. The aorta arches and branches into major arteries to the upper body
before passing through the diaphragm, where it branches further into the illiac, renal, and suprarenal arteries
which supply the lower parts of the body.
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/17%3A_Cardiovascular_System
%3A_The_Heart/17.2%3A_Circulation_and_Heart_Valves/17.2D%3A_Systemic_and_Pulmonary_Circulation
C. Difference in the male versus female anatomy of heart the male heart are usually slight;y
larger at0.45% of body weight while womens are 0.40% of body weight (p.119 book)
D. Heart cycle with its corresponding sounds on exam (diastole, systole)
The cardiac cycle represents the hemodynamic and electric changes that occur in systole and diastole.
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
1. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction: This phase marks the beginning of systole and starts with
the appearance of the QRS complex on the EKG and the closure of the AV valves. With all
valves closed, the ventricle generates positive pressure without any change in its volume
(isovolumetric) to overcome the semilunar valves resistance that open. This phase usually lasts
, Week 3 570 Study Guide.docx
for 6% of the cardiac cycle.
