Exam 1 pg1
Watch videos on moodle
Chapter 18
Taxonomy
Organisms are arranged or grouped by the science of taxonomy
An inexact process, meaning as new data becomes available your current
sys/ideas are subj to change
Taxonomy= the branch of bio concerned with naming and classifying the
diverse forms of life
Organizing or grouping things helps in dealing with them
Example: grocery store (waling into a new store, you have some type of idea
where everything will be based on your knowledge of previous grocery
stores)
This same idea holds true to the study of life
There are many ways that things may be grouped. All grouping methods are
subj to problems
Plants vs animals was an imperfect sys and as a result didn’t last
One of the early classification sys placed the animals in one group and the
plants in another
The bacteria, fungi, and many protists were considered plants while some of
the protists were grouped with the animals
The origins of taxonomy date back to Aristole. However the foundation for
modern classification, binomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeous in
the 1700s
Example: Scaptia beyoncea (FYI)
Organisms
Classified or grouped into categories
These categories are further divided into smaller and smaller groupings
creating organizational hierarchy
The lowest two categories (genus and species) make up the sc name for an
organism
o Ex: Homo sapiens (homo=genus/ sapiens=species)
The genus name is capitalized and the species name begins w/ a lowercase
letter. The sc name is usually underlined and italicized
The major taxonomic categories from most inclusive (biggest set) to least
inclusive (smallest set) are:
o Domain
o Kingdom
o Phylum/Division
o Class
o Order
o Family
o Genus
, Exam 1 pg2
o Species
See pic 1 on page 1 of notebook
Use a phrase to help remember the order of these categories (Dang King
Philip Can Order Fried Green Tomatos)
Systematics (Seeking Order Amidst Diversity)
The part of biology that uses phylogeny to categorize the diversity of living
org
Phylogeny is the perceived evolutionary history of an org (to determine who
belongs to the genus,etc)
Grouping based on perceived evolution
Using systematic, the more categories 2 org have in common the more closely
related the 2 org are in their phylogeny
Depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenic trees (Pic 2 page
1). Note that the orientation of the trees may change
Each branch point in the tree is a node (represents the divergence of species)
Nodes closer to the ancestral linage represent greater amounts of divergence
than nodes farther from the ancestral linage
Phylogenetic history (phylogeny) can be inferred from similarities in
structures and genes when compared amoung org
Generally, similar morphology and similar DNA sequences = closely related
species
Shared characteristics are used to construct phylogenetic trees and clades to
show phylogenetic relationships
Protists= single-celled org w/ photosyn
Clades are groups of species that includes the ancestral species and all its
descendants
Clicker: Which of the following groups has single-celled org w/ nonphotosynthetic
organelles? Protists
Clicker: If the big set is a Family in the taxonomic hierarchy, what are the smaller
sets? Genus
Clicker: Which groups polyphyletic? Fungal Kingdom
In 1969 Robert Whittaker proposed a replacement for the plants vs animals sys that
had as its largest grouping 5 kingdoms; “What are the fundamental characteristics of
org and how can we use this to group them?”
These 5 kingdoms each had observably diff attributes that defined them
Whittaker came up with the kingdom (size grouping), cell type (most
fundamental grouping) defining them, cell number (how many cells make up
the org), and the nutritional methods (where/how do you get your
energy/nutrition from the environment)
, Exam 1 pg3
o Monera—Prokaryotic—unicellular—Absorption/photosyn
o Protista—Eukaryotic—unicellular—Absorption/photosyn/ingestion
o Fungi—Euk—multicellular--absorption
o Plantae—Euk—multi--photosynthesis
o Animalla—Euk—multi—ingestion
Monera and Protista are microscopic
Eukaryotics have internal organelles
Prokaryotic is single-celled, no internal organelle, no nucleus
In this schema each kingdoms divided into either Phyla (plural of plylum) or
Divisions. These categories are further divided into smaller groupings
creating a organizational hierarchy
Highest level-kingdom, subsided from there
There were two problems w/ Whittakers sys that became obvious once DNA
technology improved in the 1980s (we were able to look at molecules much
more carefully; fundamental differences in the organisms became the most
fundamental evolutionary difference)
o The techniques of molecular bio have aided the taxonomist in the
classification of org by allowing the DNA seq from 2 org to be
compared (ex: compare b/t siblings vs cousins vs strangers)
o The ability to examine the DNA seq and genes of diff org resulted in
the kingdom Monera being separated into 2 distinct groups which are
polyphyletic
o Polyphyletic refers to a grouping which contains org w/ diff
immediate ancestors-- diff clades grouped together (evolutionary
history)
To solve this problem, monera gets split into two groups and a new level gets
put on top of the Protista, fungi, etc
Carl Woese proposed that these 2 groups of bacteria (prokaryotes) in the
appropriate evolutionary context, Woese and others proposed an
“evolutionary tree” w/ 3 main branches. These branches were termed
domains. He also proposed that the 2 groups are as diff from each other as
they are from the eukaryotes and that these differences (differences in
sys/groups) arose very early in the process of evolution
Domains
There are 2 prokaryotic domains: bacteria and archaea and a single
eukaryotic domain (Eukarya)
Eukarya and Archaea are more closely related
Bacteria and archaea replaced monera
Bacteria: have cell wall, smaller than protists, don’t have a nucleus, don’t
reproduce sexually
Genes are whats imp and fundamental in any org
The domains of Eukarya branches into the separate eukaryotic kingdoms
The second prob has yet to be resolved. If you examine the kingdoms w/in
domain Eukarya you will see that the protest kingdom is also polyphyletic.
Watch videos on moodle
Chapter 18
Taxonomy
Organisms are arranged or grouped by the science of taxonomy
An inexact process, meaning as new data becomes available your current
sys/ideas are subj to change
Taxonomy= the branch of bio concerned with naming and classifying the
diverse forms of life
Organizing or grouping things helps in dealing with them
Example: grocery store (waling into a new store, you have some type of idea
where everything will be based on your knowledge of previous grocery
stores)
This same idea holds true to the study of life
There are many ways that things may be grouped. All grouping methods are
subj to problems
Plants vs animals was an imperfect sys and as a result didn’t last
One of the early classification sys placed the animals in one group and the
plants in another
The bacteria, fungi, and many protists were considered plants while some of
the protists were grouped with the animals
The origins of taxonomy date back to Aristole. However the foundation for
modern classification, binomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeous in
the 1700s
Example: Scaptia beyoncea (FYI)
Organisms
Classified or grouped into categories
These categories are further divided into smaller and smaller groupings
creating organizational hierarchy
The lowest two categories (genus and species) make up the sc name for an
organism
o Ex: Homo sapiens (homo=genus/ sapiens=species)
The genus name is capitalized and the species name begins w/ a lowercase
letter. The sc name is usually underlined and italicized
The major taxonomic categories from most inclusive (biggest set) to least
inclusive (smallest set) are:
o Domain
o Kingdom
o Phylum/Division
o Class
o Order
o Family
o Genus
, Exam 1 pg2
o Species
See pic 1 on page 1 of notebook
Use a phrase to help remember the order of these categories (Dang King
Philip Can Order Fried Green Tomatos)
Systematics (Seeking Order Amidst Diversity)
The part of biology that uses phylogeny to categorize the diversity of living
org
Phylogeny is the perceived evolutionary history of an org (to determine who
belongs to the genus,etc)
Grouping based on perceived evolution
Using systematic, the more categories 2 org have in common the more closely
related the 2 org are in their phylogeny
Depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenic trees (Pic 2 page
1). Note that the orientation of the trees may change
Each branch point in the tree is a node (represents the divergence of species)
Nodes closer to the ancestral linage represent greater amounts of divergence
than nodes farther from the ancestral linage
Phylogenetic history (phylogeny) can be inferred from similarities in
structures and genes when compared amoung org
Generally, similar morphology and similar DNA sequences = closely related
species
Shared characteristics are used to construct phylogenetic trees and clades to
show phylogenetic relationships
Protists= single-celled org w/ photosyn
Clades are groups of species that includes the ancestral species and all its
descendants
Clicker: Which of the following groups has single-celled org w/ nonphotosynthetic
organelles? Protists
Clicker: If the big set is a Family in the taxonomic hierarchy, what are the smaller
sets? Genus
Clicker: Which groups polyphyletic? Fungal Kingdom
In 1969 Robert Whittaker proposed a replacement for the plants vs animals sys that
had as its largest grouping 5 kingdoms; “What are the fundamental characteristics of
org and how can we use this to group them?”
These 5 kingdoms each had observably diff attributes that defined them
Whittaker came up with the kingdom (size grouping), cell type (most
fundamental grouping) defining them, cell number (how many cells make up
the org), and the nutritional methods (where/how do you get your
energy/nutrition from the environment)
, Exam 1 pg3
o Monera—Prokaryotic—unicellular—Absorption/photosyn
o Protista—Eukaryotic—unicellular—Absorption/photosyn/ingestion
o Fungi—Euk—multicellular--absorption
o Plantae—Euk—multi--photosynthesis
o Animalla—Euk—multi—ingestion
Monera and Protista are microscopic
Eukaryotics have internal organelles
Prokaryotic is single-celled, no internal organelle, no nucleus
In this schema each kingdoms divided into either Phyla (plural of plylum) or
Divisions. These categories are further divided into smaller groupings
creating a organizational hierarchy
Highest level-kingdom, subsided from there
There were two problems w/ Whittakers sys that became obvious once DNA
technology improved in the 1980s (we were able to look at molecules much
more carefully; fundamental differences in the organisms became the most
fundamental evolutionary difference)
o The techniques of molecular bio have aided the taxonomist in the
classification of org by allowing the DNA seq from 2 org to be
compared (ex: compare b/t siblings vs cousins vs strangers)
o The ability to examine the DNA seq and genes of diff org resulted in
the kingdom Monera being separated into 2 distinct groups which are
polyphyletic
o Polyphyletic refers to a grouping which contains org w/ diff
immediate ancestors-- diff clades grouped together (evolutionary
history)
To solve this problem, monera gets split into two groups and a new level gets
put on top of the Protista, fungi, etc
Carl Woese proposed that these 2 groups of bacteria (prokaryotes) in the
appropriate evolutionary context, Woese and others proposed an
“evolutionary tree” w/ 3 main branches. These branches were termed
domains. He also proposed that the 2 groups are as diff from each other as
they are from the eukaryotes and that these differences (differences in
sys/groups) arose very early in the process of evolution
Domains
There are 2 prokaryotic domains: bacteria and archaea and a single
eukaryotic domain (Eukarya)
Eukarya and Archaea are more closely related
Bacteria and archaea replaced monera
Bacteria: have cell wall, smaller than protists, don’t have a nucleus, don’t
reproduce sexually
Genes are whats imp and fundamental in any org
The domains of Eukarya branches into the separate eukaryotic kingdoms
The second prob has yet to be resolved. If you examine the kingdoms w/in
domain Eukarya you will see that the protest kingdom is also polyphyletic.
