Biology T-lymphocytes – processed in the thymus that
initiates the attack on foreign bodies
Hypertonic environment – cell has a lower Cell-mediated response – accomplished by T-
concentration of solutes; higher water potential than lymphocytes; involves attacking the virally infected
surrounding extracellular fluid cells and cancer cells
Osmosis – diffusion of water
Mutation – alteration of the form of a particular gene
An erythrocyte placed in a hypertonic solution or chromosome that results in a new trait to be
would crenate, become distorted in shape. inherited; can occur in chromosome structure or
chromosome number
Hypotonic environment – cell has a higher Frameshift mutation – the whole frame of the
concentration of solutes than the solution outside the genetic sequence is changed
cell which causes the cell to well Insertion of “I”
Isotonic environment – cell has equal concentration THE CAT AND DOG RUN
with the solution outside the cell THE CAI TAN DDO GRU N
Point mutation – only one nucleotide is modified to
Membrane proteins – act as enzymes and receptor become another nucleotide
sites; function for chemical transport, intercellular THE CAT AND THE DOG RUN
communication, cell-to-cell recognition, and THE RAT AND THE DOG RUN
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular Three type of point mutation:
matrix a) Silent mutation – causes no change in the
Formation and transport of vesicles: activity of the protein
1. Secretory proteins are assembled by the b) Missense mutation – results in a change of the
ribosomes on the rough ER which, in turn, activity of the protein
extrudes them across the ER into its channels c) Nonsense mutation – results to a protein
2. Enzymes embedded the smooth ER may shorter than usual; non-functional
chemically modify some of the proteins
3. Proteins pass through more channels to the Golgi Population density – population size per unit
body area/volume; two kinds of factors: dependent and
4. Proteins are encapsulated in vesicles by the independent
pinching together of membranes of the Golgi Density-dependent factor – intensifies as the
body population increases in size
5. Vesicles then pass through the cytoplasm, fuse Density-independent factor – not related to
with the interior surface of the plasma membrane population size
and release their contents to the exterior.
Homeostasis – ability to maintain a stable internal
Lymphocytes – subclass of white blood cells that are environment
divided into two types: B-lymphoctes and T- Development – transform from an immature to a
lymphocytes mature functional form
B-lymphocytes – secretes antibodies for humoral Adaptation – structural modification in organisms
immune response, where it binds to the antigen and that enables them to adjust to a changing
eventually destroys it. environment
Non-specific defenses – surface barriers and Growth – irreversible increase in the number, size
defensive chemical cells (which are made in the and/or number of cells
body), cellular and chemical defenses such as
neutrophils and interferons (that affect its actions Procambium – derivative meristem that develops
one pathogens invade the tissues) into the vascular tissue
Protoderm - develops into surface or dermal tissues
, Ground meristems – produces fundamental/ground Blood type AB – “universal recipient” because it can
tissues (parenchyma, collenchymas and receive all blood types; has antigen A and B and has
schlerenchyma) no antibody
Cork cambium – produces the protective layer of the Blood type O – “universal donor” because it can
bark, cork donate to all blood types, has no antigen but has
antibody against A and B
Kingdom - highest level of classification of living
things Prokaryotes – do not have nuclear membrane, has
Five kingdoms: its DNA exposed to the cytoplasmic environment;
Monera Kingdom Monera (bacteria, reproduces through
Protista – water mold binary fission, and blue-green algae)
Fungi – yeast, mushroom, bread mold
Plantae Developmental biology – study of the development
Animalia – shark and milkfish (Kingdom of animals; processes involved in the transformation
Animalia, Phylum Chordata), turtle and snake of fertilized egg to a more complexed individual
(Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Gametogenesis (production of gametes) –>
Reptilia) Fertilization –> Cleavage –> Gastrulation (formation
D’ Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools of germ layers) –> Organogenesis (development into
different tissues and organs) –> Growth and
Vitiligo – disorder in which melanocytes, cells which histological differentiation
produce melanin pigment, are unable to function;
results to white patches on the skin Biome – ecological community dominated with
Albinism – chromosomal mutation that results in the distinctive plants and animals
cessation of melanin production or a considerable Tropical rainforests – found in areas near the
decline in the amount of melanin equator where rainfall is abundant and the dry
Dihybrid cross – cross that involves two traits season lasts for no more than a few months; richest
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance – traits will biome in terms of number of species
segregate and assort independently Taiga – heavy snowfall; conifer forests
Genotype – genetic makeup or genes of an individual Desert – sandy and receive less rainfall
Allele – one of the alternative pair of genes; may be Savannah – grassland regional and seasonal rain
in two forms: dominant and recessive Tundra – cold with frozen undersoil
Dominant – mast the effect of the recessive allele; Estuary – part of a river (freshwater) joined with the
represented by a capital letter sea (saltwater)
Recessive – allele that is masked by the dominant
allele; represented by a small letter Diplohaplontic life cycle – alternation of generation
Phenotype – shows the physical appearance of an (life cycle of plants)
individual dictated by the genotype Dominant diploid sporophyte – ferns, pine trees
and common weeds
Antigen - any substance foreign to a body that evoke Dominant haploid gametophyte – mosses
an immune response Haploid gametophyte – part of the plant life cycle
Antibody – any of a large number of proteins of high having haploid nuclei; gives rise to sex cells that
molecular weight that are produced normally by produce a diploid sporophyte after fusing.
specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen; act
specifically against the antigen in an immune Meiosis – cell division responsible for the formation
response of gametes or sex cells which results to four cells with
Blood type A – has antigen A and antibody against B half the ploidy number of the mother cell; divided
Blood type B – has antigen B and antibody against A into two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II where
initiates the attack on foreign bodies
Hypertonic environment – cell has a lower Cell-mediated response – accomplished by T-
concentration of solutes; higher water potential than lymphocytes; involves attacking the virally infected
surrounding extracellular fluid cells and cancer cells
Osmosis – diffusion of water
Mutation – alteration of the form of a particular gene
An erythrocyte placed in a hypertonic solution or chromosome that results in a new trait to be
would crenate, become distorted in shape. inherited; can occur in chromosome structure or
chromosome number
Hypotonic environment – cell has a higher Frameshift mutation – the whole frame of the
concentration of solutes than the solution outside the genetic sequence is changed
cell which causes the cell to well Insertion of “I”
Isotonic environment – cell has equal concentration THE CAT AND DOG RUN
with the solution outside the cell THE CAI TAN DDO GRU N
Point mutation – only one nucleotide is modified to
Membrane proteins – act as enzymes and receptor become another nucleotide
sites; function for chemical transport, intercellular THE CAT AND THE DOG RUN
communication, cell-to-cell recognition, and THE RAT AND THE DOG RUN
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular Three type of point mutation:
matrix a) Silent mutation – causes no change in the
Formation and transport of vesicles: activity of the protein
1. Secretory proteins are assembled by the b) Missense mutation – results in a change of the
ribosomes on the rough ER which, in turn, activity of the protein
extrudes them across the ER into its channels c) Nonsense mutation – results to a protein
2. Enzymes embedded the smooth ER may shorter than usual; non-functional
chemically modify some of the proteins
3. Proteins pass through more channels to the Golgi Population density – population size per unit
body area/volume; two kinds of factors: dependent and
4. Proteins are encapsulated in vesicles by the independent
pinching together of membranes of the Golgi Density-dependent factor – intensifies as the
body population increases in size
5. Vesicles then pass through the cytoplasm, fuse Density-independent factor – not related to
with the interior surface of the plasma membrane population size
and release their contents to the exterior.
Homeostasis – ability to maintain a stable internal
Lymphocytes – subclass of white blood cells that are environment
divided into two types: B-lymphoctes and T- Development – transform from an immature to a
lymphocytes mature functional form
B-lymphocytes – secretes antibodies for humoral Adaptation – structural modification in organisms
immune response, where it binds to the antigen and that enables them to adjust to a changing
eventually destroys it. environment
Non-specific defenses – surface barriers and Growth – irreversible increase in the number, size
defensive chemical cells (which are made in the and/or number of cells
body), cellular and chemical defenses such as
neutrophils and interferons (that affect its actions Procambium – derivative meristem that develops
one pathogens invade the tissues) into the vascular tissue
Protoderm - develops into surface or dermal tissues
, Ground meristems – produces fundamental/ground Blood type AB – “universal recipient” because it can
tissues (parenchyma, collenchymas and receive all blood types; has antigen A and B and has
schlerenchyma) no antibody
Cork cambium – produces the protective layer of the Blood type O – “universal donor” because it can
bark, cork donate to all blood types, has no antigen but has
antibody against A and B
Kingdom - highest level of classification of living
things Prokaryotes – do not have nuclear membrane, has
Five kingdoms: its DNA exposed to the cytoplasmic environment;
Monera Kingdom Monera (bacteria, reproduces through
Protista – water mold binary fission, and blue-green algae)
Fungi – yeast, mushroom, bread mold
Plantae Developmental biology – study of the development
Animalia – shark and milkfish (Kingdom of animals; processes involved in the transformation
Animalia, Phylum Chordata), turtle and snake of fertilized egg to a more complexed individual
(Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Gametogenesis (production of gametes) –>
Reptilia) Fertilization –> Cleavage –> Gastrulation (formation
D’ Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools of germ layers) –> Organogenesis (development into
different tissues and organs) –> Growth and
Vitiligo – disorder in which melanocytes, cells which histological differentiation
produce melanin pigment, are unable to function;
results to white patches on the skin Biome – ecological community dominated with
Albinism – chromosomal mutation that results in the distinctive plants and animals
cessation of melanin production or a considerable Tropical rainforests – found in areas near the
decline in the amount of melanin equator where rainfall is abundant and the dry
Dihybrid cross – cross that involves two traits season lasts for no more than a few months; richest
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance – traits will biome in terms of number of species
segregate and assort independently Taiga – heavy snowfall; conifer forests
Genotype – genetic makeup or genes of an individual Desert – sandy and receive less rainfall
Allele – one of the alternative pair of genes; may be Savannah – grassland regional and seasonal rain
in two forms: dominant and recessive Tundra – cold with frozen undersoil
Dominant – mast the effect of the recessive allele; Estuary – part of a river (freshwater) joined with the
represented by a capital letter sea (saltwater)
Recessive – allele that is masked by the dominant
allele; represented by a small letter Diplohaplontic life cycle – alternation of generation
Phenotype – shows the physical appearance of an (life cycle of plants)
individual dictated by the genotype Dominant diploid sporophyte – ferns, pine trees
and common weeds
Antigen - any substance foreign to a body that evoke Dominant haploid gametophyte – mosses
an immune response Haploid gametophyte – part of the plant life cycle
Antibody – any of a large number of proteins of high having haploid nuclei; gives rise to sex cells that
molecular weight that are produced normally by produce a diploid sporophyte after fusing.
specialized B cells after stimulation by an antigen; act
specifically against the antigen in an immune Meiosis – cell division responsible for the formation
response of gametes or sex cells which results to four cells with
Blood type A – has antigen A and antibody against B half the ploidy number of the mother cell; divided
Blood type B – has antigen B and antibody against A into two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II where
