DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
EDU101 (The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles)
FIRST SEMESTER
WHY IS CHILDHOOD CRUCIAL? PSYCHOANALYSIS
● Research has shown that early ● It is a type of therapy that aims to
childhood may be the most release pent-up or repressed
important life stage for brain emotions and memories in or to
development. lead the client to catharsis, or
● A baby’s brain is about one quarter healing (McLed, 2014).
the size of an adults’. ● To put it another way, the aim of
● Scientists have found that babies’ psychoanalysis is to bring to
brains develop in response to consciousness what is existing at
stimulation. the unconscious or subconscious
● Babies who are stimulated develop level.
more quickly and have more ● By conversing with another person
secure self-image. about the important issues in life,
the important things, and digging
deeper into the complexities that
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS lie beneath the seemingly
● Although researchers don’t always straightforward surface, this goal is
agree, scientific researchers have achieved.
agreed upon the five following
general rules.
THREE LAYERS OF THE HUMAN
★ Development is similar for
MIND
each individual.
★ Development builds upon 1. Conscious: This is where our
earlier learning. current thoughts, feelings, and
★ Development proceeds at focus live;
an individual rate. 2. Preconscious/Subconscious: This
★ The different areas of is the home of everything we can
development are recall or retrieve from our memory;
interrelated. 3. Unconscious: At the deepest level
★ Development is a lifelong of our minds resides a repository of
process. the processes that drive our
behavior, including primitive and
instinctual desires (McLeod, 2013).
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
SIGMUND FREUD THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO
● Freud was born in Austria and THE MIND
spent most of his childhood and 1. Id
adult life in Vienna (Sigmund Freud ● The id only considers instinctual
Biography, 2017). drives and desires and operates at
● Soon after his graduation, he set an unconscious level. According to
up a private practice and began Freud, the id is made up of two
treating patients with psychological biological instincts: eros, or the
disorders. urge to survive that motivates
thanatos, or the death instinct,
motivates destructive, aggressive,
and violent behavior in us and
drives us to engage in
life-sustaining activities.
1
, DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
EDU101 (The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles)
FIRST SEMESTER
2. Ego
● The ego acts as both a conduit for THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
and a check on the id, working to ● The infant constructs an
meet the id’s needs in a socially understanding of the world by
appropriate way. It is the most tied coordinating sensory experiences
to reality and begins to develop in with physical actions: progressing
infancy; from reflexive, instinctual action at
3. Superego birth to the beginning of symbolic
● The superego is the portion of the thought toward the end of the
mind in which morality and higher stage. Usually occurs from birth to
principles reside, encouraging us 2 years of age.
to act in socially and morally
acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL ● The child begins to represent the
THEORY world with words and images.
These words and images reflect
JEAN PIAGET increased symbolic thinking and
beyond the connection of sensory
● Piaget was born in Switzerland in information and physical action.
the late 1800s and was a Usually occurs from 2 to 7 years of
precocious student, publishing his age.
first scientific paper when he was
just 11 years old. His early
exposure to the intellectual CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
development of children came ● The child can now reason logically
when he worked as an assistant to about concrete events and classify
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon objects into different sets. Usually
as they worked to standardize their occurs from 7 to 11 years of age.
famous IQ test.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY ● The adolescent reasons in more
abstract idealistic and logical ways.
● Stresses conscious mental Usually occurs from 11 to 15 years
processes of age through adulthood.
● Cognitive processes are influenced
by biological maturation.
● Four stages of cognitive PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL
developmental in children. THEORY
● Assimilation and accommodation
underlie how children understand ERIK ERIKSON
the world, adapt to it, and organize ● Erik Erikson was an ego
their experiences. psychologist who developed one of
the most popular and influential
theories of development. While his
theory was impacted by
psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud’s
work, Erikson’s theory centered on
psychosocial development rather
than psychosexual development.
2
EDU101 (The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles)
FIRST SEMESTER
WHY IS CHILDHOOD CRUCIAL? PSYCHOANALYSIS
● Research has shown that early ● It is a type of therapy that aims to
childhood may be the most release pent-up or repressed
important life stage for brain emotions and memories in or to
development. lead the client to catharsis, or
● A baby’s brain is about one quarter healing (McLed, 2014).
the size of an adults’. ● To put it another way, the aim of
● Scientists have found that babies’ psychoanalysis is to bring to
brains develop in response to consciousness what is existing at
stimulation. the unconscious or subconscious
● Babies who are stimulated develop level.
more quickly and have more ● By conversing with another person
secure self-image. about the important issues in life,
the important things, and digging
deeper into the complexities that
CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORISTS lie beneath the seemingly
● Although researchers don’t always straightforward surface, this goal is
agree, scientific researchers have achieved.
agreed upon the five following
general rules.
THREE LAYERS OF THE HUMAN
★ Development is similar for
MIND
each individual.
★ Development builds upon 1. Conscious: This is where our
earlier learning. current thoughts, feelings, and
★ Development proceeds at focus live;
an individual rate. 2. Preconscious/Subconscious: This
★ The different areas of is the home of everything we can
development are recall or retrieve from our memory;
interrelated. 3. Unconscious: At the deepest level
★ Development is a lifelong of our minds resides a repository of
process. the processes that drive our
behavior, including primitive and
instinctual desires (McLeod, 2013).
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
SIGMUND FREUD THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO
● Freud was born in Austria and THE MIND
spent most of his childhood and 1. Id
adult life in Vienna (Sigmund Freud ● The id only considers instinctual
Biography, 2017). drives and desires and operates at
● Soon after his graduation, he set an unconscious level. According to
up a private practice and began Freud, the id is made up of two
treating patients with psychological biological instincts: eros, or the
disorders. urge to survive that motivates
thanatos, or the death instinct,
motivates destructive, aggressive,
and violent behavior in us and
drives us to engage in
life-sustaining activities.
1
, DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
EDU101 (The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles)
FIRST SEMESTER
2. Ego
● The ego acts as both a conduit for THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
and a check on the id, working to ● The infant constructs an
meet the id’s needs in a socially understanding of the world by
appropriate way. It is the most tied coordinating sensory experiences
to reality and begins to develop in with physical actions: progressing
infancy; from reflexive, instinctual action at
3. Superego birth to the beginning of symbolic
● The superego is the portion of the thought toward the end of the
mind in which morality and higher stage. Usually occurs from birth to
principles reside, encouraging us 2 years of age.
to act in socially and morally
acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL ● The child begins to represent the
THEORY world with words and images.
These words and images reflect
JEAN PIAGET increased symbolic thinking and
beyond the connection of sensory
● Piaget was born in Switzerland in information and physical action.
the late 1800s and was a Usually occurs from 2 to 7 years of
precocious student, publishing his age.
first scientific paper when he was
just 11 years old. His early
exposure to the intellectual CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
development of children came ● The child can now reason logically
when he worked as an assistant to about concrete events and classify
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon objects into different sets. Usually
as they worked to standardize their occurs from 7 to 11 years of age.
famous IQ test.
FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY ● The adolescent reasons in more
abstract idealistic and logical ways.
● Stresses conscious mental Usually occurs from 11 to 15 years
processes of age through adulthood.
● Cognitive processes are influenced
by biological maturation.
● Four stages of cognitive PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL
developmental in children. THEORY
● Assimilation and accommodation
underlie how children understand ERIK ERIKSON
the world, adapt to it, and organize ● Erik Erikson was an ego
their experiences. psychologist who developed one of
the most popular and influential
theories of development. While his
theory was impacted by
psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud’s
work, Erikson’s theory centered on
psychosocial development rather
than psychosexual development.
2
