RT 204: RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL – This is also termed as
biochemical level. Composed of atoms and
molecules that provides processes within living
cells that allows tissues and organs in the body to
perform their function/s.
Atoms: Basic building block of chemistry; smallest
unit of matter that has the characteristic
properties of a chemical element.
Sub-atomic particles: Electron, proton, neutron
Molecule: two or more atoms connected by
chemical bonds, which form the smallest unit of a
substance that retains the composition and
properties of that substance.
• Covalent Bond – happen in two non-
metallic elements
• Ionic Bond – happen non-metallic and
metallic elements
Example:
• H2O – Water molecule
o Most abundant molecule inside
the body (80%)
o Helps regulate body temperature
and maintain other bodily 2. CELLULAR LEVEL - Cells (Latin: cella, meaning
functions. “small room”). They are the basic structural,
functional, and biological units of all known
organisms. They are the smallest units of life, and
hence are often referred to as the “building blocks
of life” (Robert Hooke, 1665).
There are two classification of cells:
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus (ex: Bacteria)
• Eukaryotic – With nucleus (ex: animals,
humans, dinosaurs, etc)
There are two major types of human cells:
• Somatic - are all the other cells that form
the building blocks of the body and they
only divide by mitosis (ex. Skin cells, nerve
cells, muscle cells, blood cells)
• Germ - produce gametes and are the
only cells that can undergo meiosis. (Ex.
Sperm cells and egg cells)
Atomic Composition of Molecular Composition of
the Body the Body
1%
60.0% 0.2%
80% Water Nucleic
Hydrogen Clacium
Acid
25.7% 0.1%
15% Protein 1% Other
Oxygen Phosphorus
10.7%
0.1% Sulfur 2% Lipids
, RT 204: RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
The Human cellular functions include such basic 4. ORGAN LEVEL - A group of tissues that work
life processes as protein and lipis (fat) synthesis, together for a specific functions
cell division and replication, respiration,
metabolism, and ion transport as well as providing Examples:
structural support for tissues, protecting the body • Heart
against disease or injury, and serving as selective • Liver
barriers to the passage of various materials into • Brain
and out of the cell. • Kidneys
• Lungs
Cells contain three (3) parts:
• Cytoplasm – support and suspend
organelles and cellular molecules
• Nucleus – contains the DNA (organic
chemical that contains genetic
information and instructions for protein
synthesis)
• Plasma Membrane – also called the cell
membrane, is the membrane found in all
cells that separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL - A group of organs that
work together to perform one of more functions.
Examples:
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Lymphatic System
• Nervous System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Endocrine System
• Integumentary System
• Reproductive System
3. TISSUE LEVEL - The tissue level of organization
consists of a group of cells that work together to
accomplish one or more specific functions.
Four Major types of tissues:
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
6. ORGANISM LEVEL - The organism level is the
highest level of organization. An organism is a
living being that has a cellular structure and that
can independently perform all physiologic
functions necessary for life.
Examples:
• Humans
• Animals
, RT 204: RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Directional Terms
- Describes the positions of structures relative to
Anatomical Position other structures or locations in the body.
- The person is standing upright, with the arms
hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and
In front of or front (ex: The trachea is anterior
thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are Anterior
to esophagus.)
slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front.
Posterior In behind of or behind
Ventral Towards the front of the body
Dorsal or
Towards the back of the body
Dorsum
Away or farthest away from the trunk or the
Distal point of origin of the body part (ex: The
phalanges are distal to metacarpals.)
Closer or towards the trunk or the point of
Anatomical Planes Proximal origin of the body part (ex: The metacarpals
- Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating are proximal to phalanges.)
slices of various organs and structures. Main
anatomical planes: Mid-sagittal/median, sagittal, Midline of the body (ex: sternum or breast
Median
frontal (coronal), transverse (axial). bone)
Towards the median (ex: The heart is medial
• MID-SAGITTAL/MEDIAN – vertical plane Medial
to lungs.)
passing through the center of the body
(midline) that cuts it longitudinally into equal Away from median (The ears are lateral to
Lateral
right and left halves. the nose.)
• SAGITTAL – arbitrary vertical plane passing
through the body parallel to the midline,
slicing longitudinally into right and left parts.
• FRONTAL (CORONAL) – vertical plane at right
angle to the sagittal plane that divides the
body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
• TRANSVERSE (AXIAL) – horizontal plane at
right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes,
slicing the body into a superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions.
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL – This is also termed as
biochemical level. Composed of atoms and
molecules that provides processes within living
cells that allows tissues and organs in the body to
perform their function/s.
Atoms: Basic building block of chemistry; smallest
unit of matter that has the characteristic
properties of a chemical element.
Sub-atomic particles: Electron, proton, neutron
Molecule: two or more atoms connected by
chemical bonds, which form the smallest unit of a
substance that retains the composition and
properties of that substance.
• Covalent Bond – happen in two non-
metallic elements
• Ionic Bond – happen non-metallic and
metallic elements
Example:
• H2O – Water molecule
o Most abundant molecule inside
the body (80%)
o Helps regulate body temperature
and maintain other bodily 2. CELLULAR LEVEL - Cells (Latin: cella, meaning
functions. “small room”). They are the basic structural,
functional, and biological units of all known
organisms. They are the smallest units of life, and
hence are often referred to as the “building blocks
of life” (Robert Hooke, 1665).
There are two classification of cells:
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus (ex: Bacteria)
• Eukaryotic – With nucleus (ex: animals,
humans, dinosaurs, etc)
There are two major types of human cells:
• Somatic - are all the other cells that form
the building blocks of the body and they
only divide by mitosis (ex. Skin cells, nerve
cells, muscle cells, blood cells)
• Germ - produce gametes and are the
only cells that can undergo meiosis. (Ex.
Sperm cells and egg cells)
Atomic Composition of Molecular Composition of
the Body the Body
1%
60.0% 0.2%
80% Water Nucleic
Hydrogen Clacium
Acid
25.7% 0.1%
15% Protein 1% Other
Oxygen Phosphorus
10.7%
0.1% Sulfur 2% Lipids
, RT 204: RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
The Human cellular functions include such basic 4. ORGAN LEVEL - A group of tissues that work
life processes as protein and lipis (fat) synthesis, together for a specific functions
cell division and replication, respiration,
metabolism, and ion transport as well as providing Examples:
structural support for tissues, protecting the body • Heart
against disease or injury, and serving as selective • Liver
barriers to the passage of various materials into • Brain
and out of the cell. • Kidneys
• Lungs
Cells contain three (3) parts:
• Cytoplasm – support and suspend
organelles and cellular molecules
• Nucleus – contains the DNA (organic
chemical that contains genetic
information and instructions for protein
synthesis)
• Plasma Membrane – also called the cell
membrane, is the membrane found in all
cells that separates the interior of the cell
from the outside environment
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL - A group of organs that
work together to perform one of more functions.
Examples:
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Lymphatic System
• Nervous System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Endocrine System
• Integumentary System
• Reproductive System
3. TISSUE LEVEL - The tissue level of organization
consists of a group of cells that work together to
accomplish one or more specific functions.
Four Major types of tissues:
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
6. ORGANISM LEVEL - The organism level is the
highest level of organization. An organism is a
living being that has a cellular structure and that
can independently perform all physiologic
functions necessary for life.
Examples:
• Humans
• Animals
, RT 204: RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LECTURE 1: HUMAN ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
INSTRUCTOR: LEANDRO DAYAO JR., RRT, MSRT(iP)
FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2022 - 2023
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Directional Terms
- Describes the positions of structures relative to
Anatomical Position other structures or locations in the body.
- The person is standing upright, with the arms
hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and
In front of or front (ex: The trachea is anterior
thumbs pointing away from the body. The feet are Anterior
to esophagus.)
slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front.
Posterior In behind of or behind
Ventral Towards the front of the body
Dorsal or
Towards the back of the body
Dorsum
Away or farthest away from the trunk or the
Distal point of origin of the body part (ex: The
phalanges are distal to metacarpals.)
Closer or towards the trunk or the point of
Anatomical Planes Proximal origin of the body part (ex: The metacarpals
- Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating are proximal to phalanges.)
slices of various organs and structures. Main
anatomical planes: Mid-sagittal/median, sagittal, Midline of the body (ex: sternum or breast
Median
frontal (coronal), transverse (axial). bone)
Towards the median (ex: The heart is medial
• MID-SAGITTAL/MEDIAN – vertical plane Medial
to lungs.)
passing through the center of the body
(midline) that cuts it longitudinally into equal Away from median (The ears are lateral to
Lateral
right and left halves. the nose.)
• SAGITTAL – arbitrary vertical plane passing
through the body parallel to the midline,
slicing longitudinally into right and left parts.
• FRONTAL (CORONAL) – vertical plane at right
angle to the sagittal plane that divides the
body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions.
• TRANSVERSE (AXIAL) – horizontal plane at
right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes,
slicing the body into a superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions.
