Praxis 5362 Study Guide With Complete Solutions

Modal verbs auxiliary verbs of a special kind. They give information about the verbs that follow them. Four Language Systems Grammar, Vocabulary, phonology, discourse Free Morpheme A morpheme that can function as a word by itself Bound Morpheme A morpheme that is unable to stand by itself to form a word Affix A bound morpheme that is found before, after, in the middle, and around root morphemes. Discontinuous Morphemes Also known as circumfix; they are attached to another morpheme initially and finally Advanced Language Proficiency Stage Language acquisition stage that takes 5-7 years. Students can fully participate in all grade-level classes, but may need minimal support. Students command the same grammar and vocabulary as most of their native speaking counterparts. Five Variation Categories used by Linguists Phonetic Variation, Phonological variation, Morphological variation, Syntactic variation, and Semantic Variation Allophones Any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k. They are different ways a phoneme can be voiced/used. Automatic Translation The term "applied linguistics" was used both in the United States and in Great Britain to refer to applying a so-called 'scientific approach' to teaching foreign languages, including English for nonnative speakers. In the late 1950s and the early 1960s, the use of the term was gradually broadened to include what was then referred to as 'automatic translation'. Fricative Consonants that are formed by impeding the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus so that a friction-sound is produced. r. /f/, /th/, Direct Method of Second Language Acquisition Natural Method: uses target language instead of students native language. he "Direct Method" was created partly by using an important part of the "Series Method". The part borrowed from the "Series Method" was the idea that a person could learn a language by imitating the way any child learns their first language. That is directly, without explanations of grammar and only using the language they are learning. Allomorph Any version of a morpheme - that means when a unit of meaning varies in sound without changing meaning. So, plurals are made from adding s, but these ss can be pronounced as /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/. Complimentary Distribution The distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments such that one never appears in the same phonetic context as the other. When two variants are in this, one can predict where each will occur because one can simply look at the environment in which the allophone is occurring. They are usually allophones of the same phoneme. For instance, in English, [p] and [pʰ] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they occur in this. [pʰ] always occurs when it is the syllable onset and followed by a stressed vowel (as in the word pin). [p] occurs in all other situations (as in the word spin). This concept can also be used with allomorphs (a and an for example) Variation Categories ...