Signals to start eating
-Environmental See/ smell food, others around a table
signals
-Stomach signals Stomach release hormones (ghrelin) during fasting
phase
-Metabolic signals Brain receives hunger signal from liver through vagus
nerve
Glucoprivation Fall of blood glucose level (hypoglycemia)
Detected by liver and brain
Lipoprivation Cells cannot metabolize fatty acids (e.g. because of
injection of a drug)
Detected by liver
Premeal hunger Get hungry before regular scheduled meal
Body release insulin (drop of glucose) to
maintain homeostasis
Satiety signals
-Head factors Receptors in the head (eyes, ears, nose, tongue etc.)
Through these receptors we can learn about
caloric content of different food
-Gastric factors Stomach contains receptors that detect presence of
nutrients
-Intestinal factors Intestines contain nutrient detectors
-Liver factors Last stage of satiety occurs here
First organ that learn that food is received from
intestines
Has receptors for nutrients
Hormones for eating
-CKK (cholecystokinin) Mainly released from duodenum
In response to nutrients in small intestines
Increase satiety by slowing down emptying of
stomach
-PYY Released by small and large intestines
Proportional to calories
Also slow down emptying of stomach
-Leptin Release from full fat cells
Related to subcutaneous fat (stored under the
skin)
Negative feedback signal to regulate body fat
Long term satiety
-Insulin Negative feedback signal to reduce body fat
Enables body to use glucose
Glycogenesis: Converts glucose into glycogen
(can be stored in organs)
Related to visceral fat (stored around organs)
-Glucagon
Glycogenolysis: Converts glycogen back to
-Environmental See/ smell food, others around a table
signals
-Stomach signals Stomach release hormones (ghrelin) during fasting
phase
-Metabolic signals Brain receives hunger signal from liver through vagus
nerve
Glucoprivation Fall of blood glucose level (hypoglycemia)
Detected by liver and brain
Lipoprivation Cells cannot metabolize fatty acids (e.g. because of
injection of a drug)
Detected by liver
Premeal hunger Get hungry before regular scheduled meal
Body release insulin (drop of glucose) to
maintain homeostasis
Satiety signals
-Head factors Receptors in the head (eyes, ears, nose, tongue etc.)
Through these receptors we can learn about
caloric content of different food
-Gastric factors Stomach contains receptors that detect presence of
nutrients
-Intestinal factors Intestines contain nutrient detectors
-Liver factors Last stage of satiety occurs here
First organ that learn that food is received from
intestines
Has receptors for nutrients
Hormones for eating
-CKK (cholecystokinin) Mainly released from duodenum
In response to nutrients in small intestines
Increase satiety by slowing down emptying of
stomach
-PYY Released by small and large intestines
Proportional to calories
Also slow down emptying of stomach
-Leptin Release from full fat cells
Related to subcutaneous fat (stored under the
skin)
Negative feedback signal to regulate body fat
Long term satiety
-Insulin Negative feedback signal to reduce body fat
Enables body to use glucose
Glycogenesis: Converts glucose into glycogen
(can be stored in organs)
Related to visceral fat (stored around organs)
-Glucagon
Glycogenolysis: Converts glycogen back to
