Chapter 39 - Aerosol Drug Therapy
Kacmarek et al.: Egan’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 11th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best defines an aerosol?
a.
Suspension of liquid droplets in a gas
b.
Suspension of particulate matter in a gas
c.
Molecular water dispersed throughout a carrier gas
d.
Suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas
ANS: D
An aerosol is a suspension of solid or liquid particles in gas.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 1
2. With which of the following devices are therapeutic aerosols generated?
1. Atomizers
2. Nebulizers
3. Humidifiers
4. Soft mist inhalers
a.
1, 2, and 4 only
b.
1 and 4 only
c.
2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: A
In the clinical setting, medical aerosols are generated with atomizers, nebulizers, soft mist
inhalers, or inhalers.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 3
3. The mass of aerosol particles produced by a nebulizer in a given unit time best
describes which quality of the aerosol?
a.
Stability
b.
Density
c.
Output
d.
Deposition
ANS: C
Aerosol output is defined as the mass of fluid or drug contained in aerosol produced by a
nebulizer generated per unit of time.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 2
4. Which of the following describes the mass of drug leaving the mouthpiece of a nebulizer as
aerosol?
a.
Single dose
, b.
Emitted dose
c.
Multiple dose
d.
Output dose
ANS: B
For drug delivery systems, emitted dose describes the mass of drug leaving the mouthpiece of
a nebulizer or inhaler as aerosol.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 2
5. Which of the following is a common method to measure aerosol particle size?
a.
Scan
b.
Gravimetric
c.
Cascade impaction
d.
Penetration studies
ANS: C
The two most common laboratory methods used to measure aerosol particle size are cascade
impaction and laser diffraction.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
6. What measure is used to identify the particle diameter, which corresponds to the most
typical settling behavior of an aerosol?
a.
Mean mass velocity coefficient (MMVC)
b.
Logarithmic standard diameter (LSD)
c.
Mean mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)
d.
Geometric standard deviation (GSD)
ANS: C
Because medical aerosols contain particles of many different sizes (are heterodisperse), the
average particle size is expressed with a measure of central tendency, such as MMAD for
cascade impaction or volume median diameter (VMD) for laser diffraction.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
7. What measure is used to describe the variability of particle diameters in an aerosol?
a.
MMVC
b.
LSD
c.
MMAD
d.
GSD
ANS: D
The GSD describes the variability of particle sizes in an aerosol distribution set at 1 standard
deviation (SD) above or below the median (15.8% and 84.13%).
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
8. Most nebulizers used in respiratory care produce which type of aerosol suspension?
a.
Monodisperse
, b.
Microaerosol
c.
Heterodisperse
d.
Macroaerosol
ANS: C
Most aerosols found in nature and used in respiratory care are composed of particles of
different sizes, described as heterodisperse.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 3
9. What is the retention of aerosol particles resulting from contact with the respiratory tract
mucosa called?
a.
Stability
b.
Density
c.
Penetration
d.
Deposition
ANS: D
When aerosol particles leave suspension in gas they deposit on (attach to) a surface.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
10. Which of the following factors affect pulmonary deposition of an aerosol?
1. Size of the particles
2. Shape and motion of the particles
3. Physical characteristics of the airways
4. Class of medication being delivered
a.
1 and 4 only
b.
1 and 3 only
c.
2, 3, and 4 only
d.
1, 2, and 3 only
ANS: D
Whether aerosol particles that are inhaled into the lung are deposited in the respiratory tract
depends on the size, shape, and motion of the particles and on the physical characteristics of
the airways and breathing pattern.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
11. What is the primary mechanism for deposition of large, high-mass particles (>5 µm) in
the respiratory tract?
a.
Inertial impaction
b.
Sedimentation
c.
Diffusion
d.
Brownian motion
ANS: A
Inertial impaction occurs when suspended particles in motion collide with and are deposited
on a surface. This is the primary deposition mechanism for particles larger than 5 µm.
, DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
12. Which of the following will increase aerosol deposition by inertial impaction?
1. High-velocity gas flow
2. Variable or irregular passages
3. Turbulent gas flow
4. Particles of high mass
a.
2 and 3 only
b.
2, 3, and 4 only
c.
1, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: A
The greater the mass and velocity of a moving object, the greater is its inertia and the greater
is the tendency of that object to continue moving along its set path (Figure 39-1).
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
13. Where do most aerosol particles in the 5- to 10-µm range deposit?
a.
Alveoli
b.
Bronchioles
c.
Central airways
d.
Upper airways
ANS: D
Particles in the 5- to 10-µm range tend to become deposited in the oropharynx and
hypopharynx, especially with the turbulence created by the transition of air as it passes around
the tongue and into the larynx.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 846 OBJ: 2
14. What is the primary mechanism for central airway deposition of particles in the 1- to 5-µm
range?
a.
Impaction
b.
Sedimentation
c.
Diffusion
d.
Brownian motion
ANS: B
During normal breathing, sedimentation is the primary mechanism for deposition of particles
in the 1- to 5-µm range.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 846 OBJ: 2
15. Where do most aerosol particles in the 1- to 5-µm range deposit?
a.
Alveoli
b.
Bronchioles
c.
Central airways
d.
Upper airways
Kacmarek et al.: Egan’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 11th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best defines an aerosol?
a.
Suspension of liquid droplets in a gas
b.
Suspension of particulate matter in a gas
c.
Molecular water dispersed throughout a carrier gas
d.
Suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas
ANS: D
An aerosol is a suspension of solid or liquid particles in gas.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 1
2. With which of the following devices are therapeutic aerosols generated?
1. Atomizers
2. Nebulizers
3. Humidifiers
4. Soft mist inhalers
a.
1, 2, and 4 only
b.
1 and 4 only
c.
2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: A
In the clinical setting, medical aerosols are generated with atomizers, nebulizers, soft mist
inhalers, or inhalers.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 3
3. The mass of aerosol particles produced by a nebulizer in a given unit time best
describes which quality of the aerosol?
a.
Stability
b.
Density
c.
Output
d.
Deposition
ANS: C
Aerosol output is defined as the mass of fluid or drug contained in aerosol produced by a
nebulizer generated per unit of time.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 2
4. Which of the following describes the mass of drug leaving the mouthpiece of a nebulizer as
aerosol?
a.
Single dose
, b.
Emitted dose
c.
Multiple dose
d.
Output dose
ANS: B
For drug delivery systems, emitted dose describes the mass of drug leaving the mouthpiece of
a nebulizer or inhaler as aerosol.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 844 OBJ: 2
5. Which of the following is a common method to measure aerosol particle size?
a.
Scan
b.
Gravimetric
c.
Cascade impaction
d.
Penetration studies
ANS: C
The two most common laboratory methods used to measure aerosol particle size are cascade
impaction and laser diffraction.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
6. What measure is used to identify the particle diameter, which corresponds to the most
typical settling behavior of an aerosol?
a.
Mean mass velocity coefficient (MMVC)
b.
Logarithmic standard diameter (LSD)
c.
Mean mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)
d.
Geometric standard deviation (GSD)
ANS: C
Because medical aerosols contain particles of many different sizes (are heterodisperse), the
average particle size is expressed with a measure of central tendency, such as MMAD for
cascade impaction or volume median diameter (VMD) for laser diffraction.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
7. What measure is used to describe the variability of particle diameters in an aerosol?
a.
MMVC
b.
LSD
c.
MMAD
d.
GSD
ANS: D
The GSD describes the variability of particle sizes in an aerosol distribution set at 1 standard
deviation (SD) above or below the median (15.8% and 84.13%).
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
8. Most nebulizers used in respiratory care produce which type of aerosol suspension?
a.
Monodisperse
, b.
Microaerosol
c.
Heterodisperse
d.
Macroaerosol
ANS: C
Most aerosols found in nature and used in respiratory care are composed of particles of
different sizes, described as heterodisperse.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 3
9. What is the retention of aerosol particles resulting from contact with the respiratory tract
mucosa called?
a.
Stability
b.
Density
c.
Penetration
d.
Deposition
ANS: D
When aerosol particles leave suspension in gas they deposit on (attach to) a surface.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
10. Which of the following factors affect pulmonary deposition of an aerosol?
1. Size of the particles
2. Shape and motion of the particles
3. Physical characteristics of the airways
4. Class of medication being delivered
a.
1 and 4 only
b.
1 and 3 only
c.
2, 3, and 4 only
d.
1, 2, and 3 only
ANS: D
Whether aerosol particles that are inhaled into the lung are deposited in the respiratory tract
depends on the size, shape, and motion of the particles and on the physical characteristics of
the airways and breathing pattern.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
11. What is the primary mechanism for deposition of large, high-mass particles (>5 µm) in
the respiratory tract?
a.
Inertial impaction
b.
Sedimentation
c.
Diffusion
d.
Brownian motion
ANS: A
Inertial impaction occurs when suspended particles in motion collide with and are deposited
on a surface. This is the primary deposition mechanism for particles larger than 5 µm.
, DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
12. Which of the following will increase aerosol deposition by inertial impaction?
1. High-velocity gas flow
2. Variable or irregular passages
3. Turbulent gas flow
4. Particles of high mass
a.
2 and 3 only
b.
2, 3, and 4 only
c.
1, 3, and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: A
The greater the mass and velocity of a moving object, the greater is its inertia and the greater
is the tendency of that object to continue moving along its set path (Figure 39-1).
DIF: Recall REF: p. 845 OBJ: 2
13. Where do most aerosol particles in the 5- to 10-µm range deposit?
a.
Alveoli
b.
Bronchioles
c.
Central airways
d.
Upper airways
ANS: D
Particles in the 5- to 10-µm range tend to become deposited in the oropharynx and
hypopharynx, especially with the turbulence created by the transition of air as it passes around
the tongue and into the larynx.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 846 OBJ: 2
14. What is the primary mechanism for central airway deposition of particles in the 1- to 5-µm
range?
a.
Impaction
b.
Sedimentation
c.
Diffusion
d.
Brownian motion
ANS: B
During normal breathing, sedimentation is the primary mechanism for deposition of particles
in the 1- to 5-µm range.
DIF: Recall REF: p. 846 OBJ: 2
15. Where do most aerosol particles in the 1- to 5-µm range deposit?
a.
Alveoli
b.
Bronchioles
c.
Central airways
d.
Upper airways
