Patho final| 215 QUESTIONS| WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagons from neighboring
alpha cells. This action is an example of which signaling types? Correct Answer: paracrine
In autocrine signaling:
A) a cell releases a hormone.
B) a cell signals a neighboring cell.
C) a neuron signals another neuron.
D) a cell signals itself. Correct Answer: D) a cell signals itself.
The movement of small, electrically uncharged molecule from an area of high concentration to
low concentration through a semipermeable barrier is an example of: Correct Answer: diffusion
Osmosis describes the movement of:
A) electrolytes.
B) glucose.
C) water.
D) blood. Correct Answer: C) water.
Osmosis specifically describes the movement of water from an area of high concentration of
water to an area of low concentration of water.
The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which process of fluid movement? Correct Answer:
hydrostatic pressure
________ are electrically charged molecules Correct Answer: electrolytes
Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the intracellular
fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium Correct Answer: D) Potassium
Over 90% of total body potassium is located in the ICF.
A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. Which effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
Correct Answer: cells will shrink
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates the action
potential? Correct Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell changing the
membrane
,A cell is isolated and electrophyisiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70
millvolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+ and the predominant extracellular ion is K+.
WIth voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential? Correct
Answer: K+ rushing into the cell
During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, this is referred to as: Correct Answer:
physiological atrophy
_________ is Atrophy (shrinking of cells) caused by disease Correct Answer: pathological
atrophy
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse
should document this finding as _____ present. Correct Answer: rigor mortis
The postmortem decrease in body temperature is called:
A) algor mortis.
B) gangrene.
C) livor mortis.
D) rigor mortis. Correct Answer: A) algor mortis.
_______ Mortis is the settling of blood in dependent (lower) areas causing a purplish red
discoloration. Correct Answer: livor
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because: Correct Answer: It is rich in hydrolytic
enzymes and lipids
Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which of the following
organs?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Adrenals
D) Pancreas Correct Answer: A) Brain
________ results from ischemia or hypoxia to neurons (CNS), tissue becomes soft, liquefies.
Correct Answer: liquefactive necrosis
_________ is when coagulation is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the portein
albumin to change from a transparent state (gelatinous) to a firm, opaque state. Caused by
HYPOXIC conditions but not in the CNS. Correct Answer: coagulative necrosis
A 2-year-old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and
the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause? Correct Answer:
coagulative necrosis
, ________ is obstruction of the internal airways and treatment is removal of the obstructing
material Correct Answer: choking asphyxiation
What is the most common chemical asphyxiant? Correct Answer: carbon monoxide
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe
cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this
process? Correct Answer: necrosis
While reading a textbook, the student reads the term, "apoptosis." The student recalls that
apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: Correct Answer: die
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of the following
cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer? Correct Answer: dysplasia
Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure in the
capillaries? A patient with:
a. high protein diet
b. liver failure
c. low blood pressure
d. low blood glucose Correct Answer: b. liver failure
An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which
of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space? Correct
Answer: increased interstitial oncotic pressure
A nurse is teaching the staff about ADH. Which information should the nurse include? Secretion
of ADH is stimulated by? Correct Answer: increased plasma osmolality
When taking care of a patient with hyperkalemia, which principle is priority? Hyperkalemia
causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle.
Correct Answer: increase; increased
A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the
nurse expect to observe? Correct Answer: oliguria
For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include? Correct
Answer: kidney excretion of hydrogen
The nurse would anticipate the patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH to demonstrate
which of the following symptoms (check all)
A) weakness
B) nausea
C) headache
D) chest pain
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagons from neighboring
alpha cells. This action is an example of which signaling types? Correct Answer: paracrine
In autocrine signaling:
A) a cell releases a hormone.
B) a cell signals a neighboring cell.
C) a neuron signals another neuron.
D) a cell signals itself. Correct Answer: D) a cell signals itself.
The movement of small, electrically uncharged molecule from an area of high concentration to
low concentration through a semipermeable barrier is an example of: Correct Answer: diffusion
Osmosis describes the movement of:
A) electrolytes.
B) glucose.
C) water.
D) blood. Correct Answer: C) water.
Osmosis specifically describes the movement of water from an area of high concentration of
water to an area of low concentration of water.
The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which process of fluid movement? Correct Answer:
hydrostatic pressure
________ are electrically charged molecules Correct Answer: electrolytes
Which of the following electrolytes is found in the highest concentrations in the intracellular
fluid (ICF)?
A) Sodium
B) Calcium
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium Correct Answer: D) Potassium
Over 90% of total body potassium is located in the ICF.
A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. Which effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
Correct Answer: cells will shrink
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates the action
potential? Correct Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell changing the
membrane
,A cell is isolated and electrophyisiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70
millvolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+ and the predominant extracellular ion is K+.
WIth voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential? Correct
Answer: K+ rushing into the cell
During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, this is referred to as: Correct Answer:
physiological atrophy
_________ is Atrophy (shrinking of cells) caused by disease Correct Answer: pathological
atrophy
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse
should document this finding as _____ present. Correct Answer: rigor mortis
The postmortem decrease in body temperature is called:
A) algor mortis.
B) gangrene.
C) livor mortis.
D) rigor mortis. Correct Answer: A) algor mortis.
_______ Mortis is the settling of blood in dependent (lower) areas causing a purplish red
discoloration. Correct Answer: livor
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because: Correct Answer: It is rich in hydrolytic
enzymes and lipids
Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which of the following
organs?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Adrenals
D) Pancreas Correct Answer: A) Brain
________ results from ischemia or hypoxia to neurons (CNS), tissue becomes soft, liquefies.
Correct Answer: liquefactive necrosis
_________ is when coagulation is caused by protein denaturation, which causes the portein
albumin to change from a transparent state (gelatinous) to a firm, opaque state. Caused by
HYPOXIC conditions but not in the CNS. Correct Answer: coagulative necrosis
A 2-year-old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and
the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause? Correct Answer:
coagulative necrosis
, ________ is obstruction of the internal airways and treatment is removal of the obstructing
material Correct Answer: choking asphyxiation
What is the most common chemical asphyxiant? Correct Answer: carbon monoxide
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe
cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this
process? Correct Answer: necrosis
While reading a textbook, the student reads the term, "apoptosis." The student recalls that
apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: Correct Answer: die
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of the following
cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer? Correct Answer: dysplasia
Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure in the
capillaries? A patient with:
a. high protein diet
b. liver failure
c. low blood pressure
d. low blood glucose Correct Answer: b. liver failure
An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which
of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space? Correct
Answer: increased interstitial oncotic pressure
A nurse is teaching the staff about ADH. Which information should the nurse include? Secretion
of ADH is stimulated by? Correct Answer: increased plasma osmolality
When taking care of a patient with hyperkalemia, which principle is priority? Hyperkalemia
causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle.
Correct Answer: increase; increased
A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the
nurse expect to observe? Correct Answer: oliguria
For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include? Correct
Answer: kidney excretion of hydrogen
The nurse would anticipate the patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH to demonstrate
which of the following symptoms (check all)
A) weakness
B) nausea
C) headache
D) chest pain
