Ch: 3 Inflammation
1. A client with poor arterial circulation in the lower limbs has developed areas of
inflammation and “weeping” clear serous exudate. Since chronic inflammation lasts for a long
time, it has been associated with which of the following changes in physiological response?
Select all that apply.
A) Formation and development of new blood vessels
B) The death of one or more cells in the body within a localized area
C) Release of a number of potent inflammatory mediators, altering adhesive properties
D) Regulation and modulation of the immune response through synthesis and release of
inflammatory mediators
E) Release of scavenger cells capable of engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis
2. During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular
components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, “Which of the
following cells arrives early in great numbers?” The student with the correct response is:
A) Basophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Monocytes
3. A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission,
which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of
acute inflammation?
A) Temperature of 101°F
B) Fatigue with listlessness
C) Redness and edema at the injured site
D) Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hours (low)
4. An older adult client has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost
herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the
wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the client's
inflammation?
A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
B) Chemotaxis
,C) Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium
D) Phagocytosis of cellular debris
5. A client cuts herself with a sharp knife while cooking dinner. The client describes how
the wound started bleeding and had a red appearance almost immediately. The nurse knows
that in the vascular stage of acute inflammation, the vessels:
A) Bleed profusely until the body can compensate and start to send fibrinogen to the wound
B) Vasodilate causing the area to become congested causing the red color and warmth
C) Constrict as a result of “fight/flight” hormone release resulting in pale-colored skin
D) Swell to the point of compromising circulation causing the limb to become cool to touch
6. A group of teenagers spent an entire day on the beach without using sunscreen. The first
night, their skin was reddened and painful to touch. The second day, they awoke to find large
fluid-filled blisters over several body areas. The nurse recognizes the development of blisters
as which type of inflammatory response?
A) Cellular response
B) Immediate transient response
C) Continuous response
D) Delayed response
7. During lecture on wound care, the instructor mentions the final stage of the cellular
response of acute inflammation. Of the following statements, which describes what
physiologically occurs in the final stage?
A) Leukocytes accumulate and begin migration to the site of injury.
B) Chemokines direct the trafficking of leukocytes.
C) Mediators are transformed into inactive metabolites.
D) Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria/cellular
debris.
8. A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful “hang nail” on the index finger.
There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows
that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
,C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide
9. A client has an abscess in the mouth with a profuse amount of thick creamy white
exudate. The nurse knows that this wound with necrotic cells is classified as:
A) Serous
B) Fibrinous
C) Suppurative
D) Membranous
10. In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by which of the
following phenomena?
A) Profuse fibrinous exudation
B) A “shift to the left” of granulocytes
C) Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
11. Which of the following individuals most likely has the highest risk of experiencing
chronic inflammation? A client who:
A) Has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
B) Is a carrier of an antibiotic-resistant organism
C) Is taking oral antibiotics for an upper respiratory infection
D) Is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
12. The nurse notes the client has developed a systemic response of inflammation based on
assessment findings. Which of the following clinical manifestations support this diagnosis?
Select all that apply.
A) Temperature of 100.9°F, lethargy
B) Pulse rate 130 beats/minute (high)
C) Generalized achiness
D) Low urine output
E) Pounding, throbbing headache
, 13. Which of the following lab results confirm the client has developed an acute-phase
inflammatory response? Select all that apply.
A) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 175 mm/h (high).
B) Red blood cell count (RBC) 3.11 cells/L (low).
C) Leukocytes (WBC) 18.7 cells/L (high).
D) C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.0 mg/L (high).
E) Fibrinogen level 1.5 g/L (normal).
14. A client asks why his temperature is always below 98.6°F. The nurse responds:
A) Some people maintain a core body temperature of 41°C and that is normal for them.
B) Normal core temperature varies between individuals within the range of 97.0°F to 99.5°F.
C) A person's highest point of core temperature is usually first thing in the morning.
D) The best way to bring your body temperature up to normal is to live in a warmer climate.
15. A postsurgical client who is recovering in the postanesthetic recovery unit states that she
is “freezing cold.” Which of the following measures is likely to be initiated in the client's
hypothalamus in an effort to reduce heat loss?
A) Opening of arteriovenous (AV) shunts
B) Reduced exhalation of warmed air
C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles
D) Decreased urine production
16. An elderly client is dressed only in a hospital gown and complains of a draft in her room.
Consequently, she has requested a warm blanket while she sits in her wheelchair. Which of the
following mechanisms of heat loss is most likely the primary cause of her request?
A) Evaporation and conduction
B) Radiation and convection
C) Conduction and convection
D) Convection and evaporation
17. Which of the following clients have a pathophysiologic process capable of causing fever
by inducing the production of pyrogens? Select all that apply.
1. A client with poor arterial circulation in the lower limbs has developed areas of
inflammation and “weeping” clear serous exudate. Since chronic inflammation lasts for a long
time, it has been associated with which of the following changes in physiological response?
Select all that apply.
A) Formation and development of new blood vessels
B) The death of one or more cells in the body within a localized area
C) Release of a number of potent inflammatory mediators, altering adhesive properties
D) Regulation and modulation of the immune response through synthesis and release of
inflammatory mediators
E) Release of scavenger cells capable of engulfing bacteria through phagocytosis
2. During a lecture on inflammation, the physiology instructor discusses the major cellular
components involved in the inflammation response. The instructor asks, “Which of the
following cells arrives early in great numbers?” The student with the correct response is:
A) Basophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Monocytes
3. A diabetic client has injured his foot while walking barefoot on the lawn. On admission,
which of the following assessment findings would be considered a localized cardinal sign of
acute inflammation?
A) Temperature of 101°F
B) Fatigue with listlessness
C) Redness and edema at the injured site
D) Urine output of less than 500 mL/24 hours (low)
4. An older adult client has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempting to boost
herself up in bed, an event that has precipitated acute inflammation in the region surrounding the
wound. Which of the following events will occur during the vascular stage of the client's
inflammation?
A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
B) Chemotaxis
,C) Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium
D) Phagocytosis of cellular debris
5. A client cuts herself with a sharp knife while cooking dinner. The client describes how
the wound started bleeding and had a red appearance almost immediately. The nurse knows
that in the vascular stage of acute inflammation, the vessels:
A) Bleed profusely until the body can compensate and start to send fibrinogen to the wound
B) Vasodilate causing the area to become congested causing the red color and warmth
C) Constrict as a result of “fight/flight” hormone release resulting in pale-colored skin
D) Swell to the point of compromising circulation causing the limb to become cool to touch
6. A group of teenagers spent an entire day on the beach without using sunscreen. The first
night, their skin was reddened and painful to touch. The second day, they awoke to find large
fluid-filled blisters over several body areas. The nurse recognizes the development of blisters
as which type of inflammatory response?
A) Cellular response
B) Immediate transient response
C) Continuous response
D) Delayed response
7. During lecture on wound care, the instructor mentions the final stage of the cellular
response of acute inflammation. Of the following statements, which describes what
physiologically occurs in the final stage?
A) Leukocytes accumulate and begin migration to the site of injury.
B) Chemokines direct the trafficking of leukocytes.
C) Mediators are transformed into inactive metabolites.
D) Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and degrade the bacteria/cellular
debris.
8. A client presents to the clinic with a swollen, painful “hang nail” on the index finger.
There is a large pustule over the site that needs to be lanced. The health care worker knows
that which mediator of inflammation causes this increase in capillary permeability and pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
,C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide
9. A client has an abscess in the mouth with a profuse amount of thick creamy white
exudate. The nurse knows that this wound with necrotic cells is classified as:
A) Serous
B) Fibrinous
C) Suppurative
D) Membranous
10. In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by which of the
following phenomena?
A) Profuse fibrinous exudation
B) A “shift to the left” of granulocytes
C) Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
11. Which of the following individuals most likely has the highest risk of experiencing
chronic inflammation? A client who:
A) Has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
B) Is a carrier of an antibiotic-resistant organism
C) Is taking oral antibiotics for an upper respiratory infection
D) Is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
12. The nurse notes the client has developed a systemic response of inflammation based on
assessment findings. Which of the following clinical manifestations support this diagnosis?
Select all that apply.
A) Temperature of 100.9°F, lethargy
B) Pulse rate 130 beats/minute (high)
C) Generalized achiness
D) Low urine output
E) Pounding, throbbing headache
, 13. Which of the following lab results confirm the client has developed an acute-phase
inflammatory response? Select all that apply.
A) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 175 mm/h (high).
B) Red blood cell count (RBC) 3.11 cells/L (low).
C) Leukocytes (WBC) 18.7 cells/L (high).
D) C-reactive protein (CRP) 10.0 mg/L (high).
E) Fibrinogen level 1.5 g/L (normal).
14. A client asks why his temperature is always below 98.6°F. The nurse responds:
A) Some people maintain a core body temperature of 41°C and that is normal for them.
B) Normal core temperature varies between individuals within the range of 97.0°F to 99.5°F.
C) A person's highest point of core temperature is usually first thing in the morning.
D) The best way to bring your body temperature up to normal is to live in a warmer climate.
15. A postsurgical client who is recovering in the postanesthetic recovery unit states that she
is “freezing cold.” Which of the following measures is likely to be initiated in the client's
hypothalamus in an effort to reduce heat loss?
A) Opening of arteriovenous (AV) shunts
B) Reduced exhalation of warmed air
C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles
D) Decreased urine production
16. An elderly client is dressed only in a hospital gown and complains of a draft in her room.
Consequently, she has requested a warm blanket while she sits in her wheelchair. Which of the
following mechanisms of heat loss is most likely the primary cause of her request?
A) Evaporation and conduction
B) Radiation and convection
C) Conduction and convection
D) Convection and evaporation
17. Which of the following clients have a pathophysiologic process capable of causing fever
by inducing the production of pyrogens? Select all that apply.
