Kansas State University FNDH 620 Exam 1 (2022) COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS (224 Questions with 100% Correct Answers)
What 4 major elements make up the human body? Correct Answer:
- Oxygen 63%
- Carbon 18%
- Hydrogen 9%
- Nitrogen 3%
Of the major 4 elements that make up the human body, __________ makes up the largest
portion. Correct Answer: Oxygen - 63%
The human body is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, & nitrogen. But what do these
elements compose? Correct Answer: Water
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Approximately how much water makes up the human body? Correct Answer: 55 - 65% of body
mass
Combined, how much does protein & lipids makes up of the human body? Correct Answer: 30 -
45%
Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for _____% of the human body. Correct Answer:
Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for *1%* of the human body.
Minerals account for what percentage of the human body? Correct Answer: 5%
How many different types of cells are in the human body? Correct Answer: Over 200 different
types
Organelles are __________ structures within a cell with __________ function. Correct Answer:
Organelles are *specialized* structures within a cell with *specific* function.
When one or more organelle has problems, they do what to nutrient metabolism? Correct
Answer: If one or more organelle has problems with in a cell, it can impede the flow of nutrient
metabolism.
Cells are surrounded by what and is how many thick? Correct Answer: Cell membrane
2 cells thick
What composes the plasma membrane? Correct Answer: - Proteins 55% mass
- Lipids outnumber 50:1
,__________ proteins are transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier;
active transporters; receptors; & enzymes. Correct Answer: *Integral* proteins are
transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier; active transporters; receptors;
& enzymes.
__________ proteins can only be found on one side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge)
and normally act as enzymes. Correct Answer: *Peripheral* proteins can only be found on one
side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge) and normally act as enzymes.
This carbohydrate coat on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane helps with receptor
activities and cell to cell adhesion. Correct Answer: Glycocalyx
Carbs + Protein = ? Correct Answer: Glycoprotein
Carbs + Lipids = ? Correct Answer: Glycolipids
Proteins + Glycosaminoglycans = ? Correct Answer: Proteoglycans
Cells can be divided into what 2 major parts? Correct Answer: - Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What is cytosol? Correct Answer: Clear intracellular fluid containing dissolved, suspended, or
anchored substances.
- electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and lipids
- A tubular network (adjacent to nucleus)
- Major site of molecule formation & metabolism w/in cell Correct Answer: Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Granular; site for protein synthesis, contains ribosomes Correct Answer: Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Agranular; site for phospholipid & cholesterol synthesis Correct Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
This is a site of detoxification of drugs and alcohol; contains glucose-6-phosphatase (important
in metabolism) Correct Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles; builds some carbohydrates; molecule processing; vesicle-
forming activities; packaging site for exocytosis Correct Answer: Golgi Apparatus
The site of ATP production; Self-replicating; vary in size; population density depends on
oxidation energy demands of that cells; double membraned; Krebs cycle & Fatty Acid oxidation
occur here Correct Answer: Mitochondria
, Storage & Processing area for DNA; Enclosed within a Porous Nuclear envelope; Most DNA
within human cells is in the nucleus; all cells (except RBCs) contain this. Correct Answer:
Nucleus
Made of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Double-stranded chains Correct Answer: DNA
- Produces a strand of mRNA complementary to the DNA gene
- Double-stranded DNA is opened, ribonucleotides are based-paired to DNA template
- Uracil
- Catalyzed by RNA polymerase Correct Answer: Transcription
- Synthesis of proteins from nucleotide language
- Sequence of mRNA dictates which amino acids are linked together
- every set of 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon
- Codons code for a specific amino acid
- Occurs on ribosomal complexes
- tRNA attaches to amino acids & delivers them to ribosome Correct Answer: Translation
What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? Correct
Answer: The production of ATP
What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? Correct Answer: - Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen Correct Answer: Substrate Level Phosphorylation
- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of
electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrion
called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria Correct Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur? Correct Answer: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? Correct Answer: 2 ATP
Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? Correct Answer:
The Krebs Cycle
In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they carry? Correct
Answer: - NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
SOLUTIONS (224 Questions with 100% Correct Answers)
What 4 major elements make up the human body? Correct Answer:
- Oxygen 63%
- Carbon 18%
- Hydrogen 9%
- Nitrogen 3%
Of the major 4 elements that make up the human body, __________ makes up the largest
portion. Correct Answer: Oxygen - 63%
The human body is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, & nitrogen. But what do these
elements compose? Correct Answer: Water
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Approximately how much water makes up the human body? Correct Answer: 55 - 65% of body
mass
Combined, how much does protein & lipids makes up of the human body? Correct Answer: 30 -
45%
Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for _____% of the human body. Correct Answer:
Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for *1%* of the human body.
Minerals account for what percentage of the human body? Correct Answer: 5%
How many different types of cells are in the human body? Correct Answer: Over 200 different
types
Organelles are __________ structures within a cell with __________ function. Correct Answer:
Organelles are *specialized* structures within a cell with *specific* function.
When one or more organelle has problems, they do what to nutrient metabolism? Correct
Answer: If one or more organelle has problems with in a cell, it can impede the flow of nutrient
metabolism.
Cells are surrounded by what and is how many thick? Correct Answer: Cell membrane
2 cells thick
What composes the plasma membrane? Correct Answer: - Proteins 55% mass
- Lipids outnumber 50:1
,__________ proteins are transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier;
active transporters; receptors; & enzymes. Correct Answer: *Integral* proteins are
transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier; active transporters; receptors;
& enzymes.
__________ proteins can only be found on one side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge)
and normally act as enzymes. Correct Answer: *Peripheral* proteins can only be found on one
side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge) and normally act as enzymes.
This carbohydrate coat on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane helps with receptor
activities and cell to cell adhesion. Correct Answer: Glycocalyx
Carbs + Protein = ? Correct Answer: Glycoprotein
Carbs + Lipids = ? Correct Answer: Glycolipids
Proteins + Glycosaminoglycans = ? Correct Answer: Proteoglycans
Cells can be divided into what 2 major parts? Correct Answer: - Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What is cytosol? Correct Answer: Clear intracellular fluid containing dissolved, suspended, or
anchored substances.
- electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and lipids
- A tubular network (adjacent to nucleus)
- Major site of molecule formation & metabolism w/in cell Correct Answer: Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Granular; site for protein synthesis, contains ribosomes Correct Answer: Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Agranular; site for phospholipid & cholesterol synthesis Correct Answer: Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
This is a site of detoxification of drugs and alcohol; contains glucose-6-phosphatase (important
in metabolism) Correct Answer: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles; builds some carbohydrates; molecule processing; vesicle-
forming activities; packaging site for exocytosis Correct Answer: Golgi Apparatus
The site of ATP production; Self-replicating; vary in size; population density depends on
oxidation energy demands of that cells; double membraned; Krebs cycle & Fatty Acid oxidation
occur here Correct Answer: Mitochondria
, Storage & Processing area for DNA; Enclosed within a Porous Nuclear envelope; Most DNA
within human cells is in the nucleus; all cells (except RBCs) contain this. Correct Answer:
Nucleus
Made of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Double-stranded chains Correct Answer: DNA
- Produces a strand of mRNA complementary to the DNA gene
- Double-stranded DNA is opened, ribonucleotides are based-paired to DNA template
- Uracil
- Catalyzed by RNA polymerase Correct Answer: Transcription
- Synthesis of proteins from nucleotide language
- Sequence of mRNA dictates which amino acids are linked together
- every set of 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon
- Codons code for a specific amino acid
- Occurs on ribosomal complexes
- tRNA attaches to amino acids & delivers them to ribosome Correct Answer: Translation
What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? Correct
Answer: The production of ATP
What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? Correct Answer: - Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen Correct Answer: Substrate Level Phosphorylation
- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of
electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrion
called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria Correct Answer: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur? Correct Answer: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? Correct Answer: 2 ATP
Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? Correct Answer:
The Krebs Cycle
In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they carry? Correct
Answer: - NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
