NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS LATEST SOLUTION
NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS (14 highlights)
Questions to ask yourself:
1) What is the main underlying issue with this disorder (patho)? Ex: heart failure=weak heart that can’t handle
circulating volume
2) What are the causes (etiology)/risk factors? Identify the similarities between risks for one cardiac disorder
and those of another-they’ll often be the same! Ex: heart failure & CAD
3) What will this look like for my patient (manifestations)? Ex: heart failure/signs of fluid overload-wet
sounding cough, crackles, DOE, weight gain
• Are there any manifestations specific to this disorder that set it apart from other? Ex: left vs. right
HF manifestations are quite different
Ex: pericarditis-pain worse lying flat that improves sitting up, pleural rub
4) What do we need to do to fix the main issue (treatment)? Ex: heart failure=remove fluid & make the weak
heart stronger! HOW? Diuretics, fluid restriction, Na+ restriction & meds that increase preload & decrease
afterload (A, B, C, D drugs).
• “Fight or flight”/stress response
o Cortisol & catecholamines (epi and nor-epi) released
o Pupils dilate, mouth dry, neck/shoulders tense, tachycardia, chest pain,
palpations, adrenalin released, BP rise, liver releases glucose to provide energy for
muscles, breathing fast, sweating
• Ventilation
• Edema formation
o Fluid leaks form cells into tissues, causing edema.
o Caused by – kidney damage/disease, CHF, weakness or damage to veins in
legs, inadequate lymphatic system
o Manifestations – swelling esp. in arms or legs, stretched or shiny skin, pitting
o Treated with elevation, compression stockings, decrease salt intake, furosemide
• Hypokalemia
o Decreased potassium
o Etiology
▪ Decreased intake: usually in conditions that cause decreased oral intake
(anorexia, failure to thrive in adults, cancer patients)
▪ Shift into cell (ex. Insulin admin)
▪ Increased excretion usually renal but can be through feces, sweat, GI tract
(emesis, diarrhea), diuretics
▪ Cardiac symptoms (ectopic beats, alteration in conduction, dysrhythmias, cardiac
arrest), Abdominal symptoms (distention, diminished bowel sounds, paralytic ileus),
muscle
,NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS LATEST SOLUTION
symptoms (skeletal muscle symptoms, bilateral muscle weakness; usually in legs, resp.
paralysis)
• Appendicitis
o Inflammation (most often d/t infection) of appendix
o Edema & fluids build up and block function, which compresses blood flow leading
to ischemia & necrosis
o Clinical manifestations
▪ Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain/tenderness (“McBurney’s point” -classic, but may
be anywhere), nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, systemic signs of inflamm.
o Tx
▪ Surgery to remove, hydration, electrolytes, antibiotics
▪ Tube drainage for localized abscesses d/t perforation
• Hemostasis
• Acute respiratory failure, ABG’s
o Life-threatening inability of lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation
o Severely low PaO2 and/or significantly elevated PaCO2
o Complications
▪ Respiratory acidosis, heart failure & death
o Manifestations (d/t impaired gas exchange)
▪ Shallow resp., headache, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, lethargy, confusion
o Dx
▪ H&P, ABG, chest x-ray, CBC
o Tx
▪ Focus on resolving cause and maintaining adequate resp. status
▪ O2, endotracheal intubation with ventilation support (possible trach),
bronchodilators, antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present), corticosteroids, emboli
precautions &
cardiac support
• Pulmonary embolism
• Glasgow coma scale
• Cystitis
o Inflammation of bladder
o Dx & tx same as UTI
▪ Urine culture
o Abd pain/pressure, urgency, dysuria, frequency, hematura, bacteriuria, fever, chills,
fatigue, leukocytosis
• Parathyroid glands
o Usually 4 of them hidden behind thyroid
o Secrete parathyroid hormone which is secreted when serum calcium levels drop;
increases calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity (opposite of calcitonin)
• Phases of acute kidney injury
o Sudden reduction of kidney function causing:
▪ Disruptions in fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balances, retention of nitrogenous
waste products, increased serum creatinine, decreased glomerular filtration rate
, NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS LATEST SOLUTION
(GFR)
NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS (14 highlights)
Questions to ask yourself:
1) What is the main underlying issue with this disorder (patho)? Ex: heart failure=weak heart that can’t handle
circulating volume
2) What are the causes (etiology)/risk factors? Identify the similarities between risks for one cardiac disorder
and those of another-they’ll often be the same! Ex: heart failure & CAD
3) What will this look like for my patient (manifestations)? Ex: heart failure/signs of fluid overload-wet
sounding cough, crackles, DOE, weight gain
• Are there any manifestations specific to this disorder that set it apart from other? Ex: left vs. right
HF manifestations are quite different
Ex: pericarditis-pain worse lying flat that improves sitting up, pleural rub
4) What do we need to do to fix the main issue (treatment)? Ex: heart failure=remove fluid & make the weak
heart stronger! HOW? Diuretics, fluid restriction, Na+ restriction & meds that increase preload & decrease
afterload (A, B, C, D drugs).
• “Fight or flight”/stress response
o Cortisol & catecholamines (epi and nor-epi) released
o Pupils dilate, mouth dry, neck/shoulders tense, tachycardia, chest pain,
palpations, adrenalin released, BP rise, liver releases glucose to provide energy for
muscles, breathing fast, sweating
• Ventilation
• Edema formation
o Fluid leaks form cells into tissues, causing edema.
o Caused by – kidney damage/disease, CHF, weakness or damage to veins in
legs, inadequate lymphatic system
o Manifestations – swelling esp. in arms or legs, stretched or shiny skin, pitting
o Treated with elevation, compression stockings, decrease salt intake, furosemide
• Hypokalemia
o Decreased potassium
o Etiology
▪ Decreased intake: usually in conditions that cause decreased oral intake
(anorexia, failure to thrive in adults, cancer patients)
▪ Shift into cell (ex. Insulin admin)
▪ Increased excretion usually renal but can be through feces, sweat, GI tract
(emesis, diarrhea), diuretics
▪ Cardiac symptoms (ectopic beats, alteration in conduction, dysrhythmias, cardiac
arrest), Abdominal symptoms (distention, diminished bowel sounds, paralytic ileus),
muscle
,NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS LATEST SOLUTION
symptoms (skeletal muscle symptoms, bilateral muscle weakness; usually in legs, resp.
paralysis)
• Appendicitis
o Inflammation (most often d/t infection) of appendix
o Edema & fluids build up and block function, which compresses blood flow leading
to ischemia & necrosis
o Clinical manifestations
▪ Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain/tenderness (“McBurney’s point” -classic, but may
be anywhere), nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, systemic signs of inflamm.
o Tx
▪ Surgery to remove, hydration, electrolytes, antibiotics
▪ Tube drainage for localized abscesses d/t perforation
• Hemostasis
• Acute respiratory failure, ABG’s
o Life-threatening inability of lungs to maintain adequate oxygenation
o Severely low PaO2 and/or significantly elevated PaCO2
o Complications
▪ Respiratory acidosis, heart failure & death
o Manifestations (d/t impaired gas exchange)
▪ Shallow resp., headache, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, lethargy, confusion
o Dx
▪ H&P, ABG, chest x-ray, CBC
o Tx
▪ Focus on resolving cause and maintaining adequate resp. status
▪ O2, endotracheal intubation with ventilation support (possible trach),
bronchodilators, antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present), corticosteroids, emboli
precautions &
cardiac support
• Pulmonary embolism
• Glasgow coma scale
• Cystitis
o Inflammation of bladder
o Dx & tx same as UTI
▪ Urine culture
o Abd pain/pressure, urgency, dysuria, frequency, hematura, bacteriuria, fever, chills,
fatigue, leukocytosis
• Parathyroid glands
o Usually 4 of them hidden behind thyroid
o Secrete parathyroid hormone which is secreted when serum calcium levels drop;
increases calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity (opposite of calcitonin)
• Phases of acute kidney injury
o Sudden reduction of kidney function causing:
▪ Disruptions in fluid, electrolyte & acid-base balances, retention of nitrogenous
waste products, increased serum creatinine, decreased glomerular filtration rate
, NUR2063 FINAL EXAM KEY CONCEPTS LATEST SOLUTION
(GFR)
