ANA 442 Exam 3 Questions and
Answers
PD as not just a disease of DA neurons - ✅ Midbrain/brainstem and some peripheral
DA neurons of SN and VTA
5-HT neurons of brainstem, descending projections
NE neurons of LC
Substance P, ACh, Vagal nerves
ALL SEEM TO BE LIGHTLY MYELINATED
Clinical PD - ✅ Bradykinesia
Rigidity
resting tremor
gait changes
Biochemistry of PD - ✅ 80% loss of DA in caudate/putamen
Pathology of PD - ✅ 50% loss of DA neurons in Pars Compacta (SN)
Premotor Phase of PD - ✅ constipation- gut alpha synuclein, smell, cardiac, sleep
disturbances
Anticholinergics for PD - ✅ treat the resting tremor, avoid in older patients
MAO-B inhibitors - ✅ prevents metabolism of DA, fairly well-tolerated but with little
efficacy
PD Non-motor manifestations and their associated neurobiology - ✅ PNS: pain,
constipation
Spine: orthostatic hypotension
Brainstem: anxiety, depression, sleep dist.
Cortical: cognitive deficits, psych disorders, anosmia
Ideal animal model of PD - ✅ 1. human brain anatomy (both caudate and putamen)
2. clinical symptoms (motor and non-motor)
3. neuropathology: lose DA neurons + Lewy bodies
4. Neurochemistry: striatal DA depletion
5. behavioral response to L-DOPA
Invertebrate models of PD - ✅ fruit fly: molecular and cellular
roundworm: genetic and molecular
Zebrafish PD - ✅ MPTP elucidates genetic pathways, is responsive to DA mimetics
, Mice and rats PD model - ✅ unilateral: 6-OHDA
bilateral: systemic MPTP or Rotenone
Toxicity mechanisms for PD - ✅ 6-OHDA: taken up by DA transporter, generates free
radicals
rotenone: C1 inhibitor
MPTP: turned into MPP+, taken up into mitochondria, leading to C1 inhibition and free
radical formation
6-OHDA animal model behavior - ✅ d-amphetamine: DA released, ipsilateral turning
APO (apomorphine): DA receptor agonist, contralateral turning
6-OHDA weaknesses and benefits - ✅ benefits: cheap, DA cell loss, motor deficits,
reponds to DA mimetics
weakness: 6-OHDA doesn't cross BBB, rat basal ganglia different than human, rapid
and non-progressive, young animals, no Lewy bodies
MPTP rodents adv. and weaknesses - ✅ advantages: cheap, BBB, DA cell loss
Disadvantages: not all strains of mice are susceptible to MPTP, sometimes
spontaneous recovery
MPTP monkey model - ✅ adv: similar basal ganglia, motor and cognitive deficits
disadvantages: expensive, non-progressive, spontaneous recovery, no lewy bodies,
non-motor deficits
PTSD core features - ✅ emotional numbing, hyper-arousal, re-experiencing, avoidance
re experiencing in PTSD - ✅ recurrent and intrusive recollection, dreams, feeling event
is happening, distress at symbolism
avoidance features of PTSD - ✅ don't want to think of incident, literally forget, avoid
hoomans and stuff
arousal features of PTSD - ✅ sleepless, irritability, anxiety, hypervigilence, poor
concentration, startle response
DSMV PTSD - ✅ 2 of the following:
intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition, alterations in arousal
Risk events for PTSD - ✅ rape, assault, shoot/stab, death of family, witness killing,
natural disaster
Fight or flight neurobiology - ✅ NE and epi release, locus coerulus firing, amygdala
HPA neurobiolgy - ✅ hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone
pituitary releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Answers
PD as not just a disease of DA neurons - ✅ Midbrain/brainstem and some peripheral
DA neurons of SN and VTA
5-HT neurons of brainstem, descending projections
NE neurons of LC
Substance P, ACh, Vagal nerves
ALL SEEM TO BE LIGHTLY MYELINATED
Clinical PD - ✅ Bradykinesia
Rigidity
resting tremor
gait changes
Biochemistry of PD - ✅ 80% loss of DA in caudate/putamen
Pathology of PD - ✅ 50% loss of DA neurons in Pars Compacta (SN)
Premotor Phase of PD - ✅ constipation- gut alpha synuclein, smell, cardiac, sleep
disturbances
Anticholinergics for PD - ✅ treat the resting tremor, avoid in older patients
MAO-B inhibitors - ✅ prevents metabolism of DA, fairly well-tolerated but with little
efficacy
PD Non-motor manifestations and their associated neurobiology - ✅ PNS: pain,
constipation
Spine: orthostatic hypotension
Brainstem: anxiety, depression, sleep dist.
Cortical: cognitive deficits, psych disorders, anosmia
Ideal animal model of PD - ✅ 1. human brain anatomy (both caudate and putamen)
2. clinical symptoms (motor and non-motor)
3. neuropathology: lose DA neurons + Lewy bodies
4. Neurochemistry: striatal DA depletion
5. behavioral response to L-DOPA
Invertebrate models of PD - ✅ fruit fly: molecular and cellular
roundworm: genetic and molecular
Zebrafish PD - ✅ MPTP elucidates genetic pathways, is responsive to DA mimetics
, Mice and rats PD model - ✅ unilateral: 6-OHDA
bilateral: systemic MPTP or Rotenone
Toxicity mechanisms for PD - ✅ 6-OHDA: taken up by DA transporter, generates free
radicals
rotenone: C1 inhibitor
MPTP: turned into MPP+, taken up into mitochondria, leading to C1 inhibition and free
radical formation
6-OHDA animal model behavior - ✅ d-amphetamine: DA released, ipsilateral turning
APO (apomorphine): DA receptor agonist, contralateral turning
6-OHDA weaknesses and benefits - ✅ benefits: cheap, DA cell loss, motor deficits,
reponds to DA mimetics
weakness: 6-OHDA doesn't cross BBB, rat basal ganglia different than human, rapid
and non-progressive, young animals, no Lewy bodies
MPTP rodents adv. and weaknesses - ✅ advantages: cheap, BBB, DA cell loss
Disadvantages: not all strains of mice are susceptible to MPTP, sometimes
spontaneous recovery
MPTP monkey model - ✅ adv: similar basal ganglia, motor and cognitive deficits
disadvantages: expensive, non-progressive, spontaneous recovery, no lewy bodies,
non-motor deficits
PTSD core features - ✅ emotional numbing, hyper-arousal, re-experiencing, avoidance
re experiencing in PTSD - ✅ recurrent and intrusive recollection, dreams, feeling event
is happening, distress at symbolism
avoidance features of PTSD - ✅ don't want to think of incident, literally forget, avoid
hoomans and stuff
arousal features of PTSD - ✅ sleepless, irritability, anxiety, hypervigilence, poor
concentration, startle response
DSMV PTSD - ✅ 2 of the following:
intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition, alterations in arousal
Risk events for PTSD - ✅ rape, assault, shoot/stab, death of family, witness killing,
natural disaster
Fight or flight neurobiology - ✅ NE and epi release, locus coerulus firing, amygdala
HPA neurobiolgy - ✅ hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone
pituitary releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone
