Immunology Midterm Review| 50 questions|
with complete solutions
Bonds between Ag & Ab (covalent vs non-covalent) Correct Answer: non-covalent
hapten Correct Answer: antigen is combined with carrier molecules in order to trigger immune
response
adjuvant Correct Answer: Substance that increases the immune response to antigens
What types of cells are directly involved in eradicating/killing/lysing the virally infected cells?
Correct Answer: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
T cells markers Correct Answer: CD4, CD8, CD25
B cells markers Correct Answer: proteins on cell surfaces used for differentiation. Ex.CD19,
CR2, CD81
T cells co-receptors Correct Answer: CD4 and CD8
B cells co-receptors Correct Answer: binds signaling molecules in addition of primary receptor.
ex. CD19, CR2, CD81
Co-stimulatory molecules (B, T & DC) Correct Answer: B7 (on b cell) binds to CD28 (on T
cell) and DC cells bind to T cell via MHCII/Ag complex and TCR to promote T cell Ag
presentation. B7 binds CD28 and CD40L (on t cell) binds CD40(on b cell) to activate B cell.
Ig molecule Correct Answer:
In NK cells, is the cytotoxic granules formation constitutive or inflammation-induced? Correct
Answer: constitutive
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Correct Answer: IgG molecules attach to a
cell targeting it for attack by a NK cell
Fab vs Fc portions of an antibody Correct Answer: Fab portions are the two arms, Fc portion is
the stem
FC Receptors Correct Answer: FcyR: expressed on monocytes, machrophages and dendritic
cells. binding of antibody by the Fc receptor leads to its uptake and destruction. FceR: expressed
on basophils and mast cells.
, Primary vs secondary immune response Correct Answer: the primary is the first time the
antibody has encountered the antigen, and it works with B and T cells to kill it off, and create
memory T cells
those memory cells later on in secondary encounter the infection again, this time the body
responds faster or for longer
Late vs beginning stage of the primary or secondary immune response Correct Answer: In the
later stages of a successful immune response, as the infection subsides, some B cells differentiate
into memory cells
Does second encounter with the same Ag (secondary immune response) leads to changes in:
a.mechanisms of innate immunity (phagocytosis, chemotaxis, macrophages activation, NK cells
activation);
b.mechanisms of adaptive immunity (cellular & humoral immunity) Correct Answer: a. no
b. yes
What are major elements mediating increased effectiveness of the second immune response?
Correct Answer: isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, influence of Th2 and DC cells
MHC structure Correct Answer:
complement activation pathways Correct Answer: classical, alternative, lectin
Plasma cells: what hemopoietic cell linage they belong? Correct Answer: lymphoid precursor
MHC Class I and Class II expression Correct Answer: MHC class I molecules are expressed on
almost all nucleated cells
MHC class II molecules are expressed only on selected cells ex. T cells, B cells, Macrophages,
Dendritic cells, and Thymic epithelium
23. Isotype switching in the immunoglobulin molecules occurs:
a.in what tissues (primary vs secondary lymphoid organs)
b.in what stage of the adaptive immunity response (naïve B cells vs activated B cells) and
c.what is the first isotype from which the first switch occurs (y, u, s.a.e)? Correct Answer: a.
IgM abs is made in the Medulla, and other isotypes are made in the germinal centers in the
cortex (secondary)
b. plasma cells (activated)
c. u-y (IgM into IgG)
24. Highest concentrations of the different isotypes of the Ig/Abs in:
a.body locations/tissues/fluids
b.newborn infant
c.primary vs secondary immune responses Correct Answer: a. IgM, IgG & monomeric IgA
predominate in the blood; dimeric IgA in found in fluids, and IgE is associated with epithelia
with complete solutions
Bonds between Ag & Ab (covalent vs non-covalent) Correct Answer: non-covalent
hapten Correct Answer: antigen is combined with carrier molecules in order to trigger immune
response
adjuvant Correct Answer: Substance that increases the immune response to antigens
What types of cells are directly involved in eradicating/killing/lysing the virally infected cells?
Correct Answer: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
T cells markers Correct Answer: CD4, CD8, CD25
B cells markers Correct Answer: proteins on cell surfaces used for differentiation. Ex.CD19,
CR2, CD81
T cells co-receptors Correct Answer: CD4 and CD8
B cells co-receptors Correct Answer: binds signaling molecules in addition of primary receptor.
ex. CD19, CR2, CD81
Co-stimulatory molecules (B, T & DC) Correct Answer: B7 (on b cell) binds to CD28 (on T
cell) and DC cells bind to T cell via MHCII/Ag complex and TCR to promote T cell Ag
presentation. B7 binds CD28 and CD40L (on t cell) binds CD40(on b cell) to activate B cell.
Ig molecule Correct Answer:
In NK cells, is the cytotoxic granules formation constitutive or inflammation-induced? Correct
Answer: constitutive
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Correct Answer: IgG molecules attach to a
cell targeting it for attack by a NK cell
Fab vs Fc portions of an antibody Correct Answer: Fab portions are the two arms, Fc portion is
the stem
FC Receptors Correct Answer: FcyR: expressed on monocytes, machrophages and dendritic
cells. binding of antibody by the Fc receptor leads to its uptake and destruction. FceR: expressed
on basophils and mast cells.
, Primary vs secondary immune response Correct Answer: the primary is the first time the
antibody has encountered the antigen, and it works with B and T cells to kill it off, and create
memory T cells
those memory cells later on in secondary encounter the infection again, this time the body
responds faster or for longer
Late vs beginning stage of the primary or secondary immune response Correct Answer: In the
later stages of a successful immune response, as the infection subsides, some B cells differentiate
into memory cells
Does second encounter with the same Ag (secondary immune response) leads to changes in:
a.mechanisms of innate immunity (phagocytosis, chemotaxis, macrophages activation, NK cells
activation);
b.mechanisms of adaptive immunity (cellular & humoral immunity) Correct Answer: a. no
b. yes
What are major elements mediating increased effectiveness of the second immune response?
Correct Answer: isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, influence of Th2 and DC cells
MHC structure Correct Answer:
complement activation pathways Correct Answer: classical, alternative, lectin
Plasma cells: what hemopoietic cell linage they belong? Correct Answer: lymphoid precursor
MHC Class I and Class II expression Correct Answer: MHC class I molecules are expressed on
almost all nucleated cells
MHC class II molecules are expressed only on selected cells ex. T cells, B cells, Macrophages,
Dendritic cells, and Thymic epithelium
23. Isotype switching in the immunoglobulin molecules occurs:
a.in what tissues (primary vs secondary lymphoid organs)
b.in what stage of the adaptive immunity response (naïve B cells vs activated B cells) and
c.what is the first isotype from which the first switch occurs (y, u, s.a.e)? Correct Answer: a.
IgM abs is made in the Medulla, and other isotypes are made in the germinal centers in the
cortex (secondary)
b. plasma cells (activated)
c. u-y (IgM into IgG)
24. Highest concentrations of the different isotypes of the Ig/Abs in:
a.body locations/tissues/fluids
b.newborn infant
c.primary vs secondary immune responses Correct Answer: a. IgM, IgG & monomeric IgA
predominate in the blood; dimeric IgA in found in fluids, and IgE is associated with epithelia
