HMX Physiology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With
Complete Solution
Patm Correct Answer: 760 mm Hg (mercury)
PN2 (partial pressure of nitrogen in air) Correct Answer: Patm * PN2 (760 * 0.78) = 592.8 mm
Hg
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in air) Correct Answer: Patm * PO2 (760 * 0.21) = 160 mm Hg
Alveolus Correct Answer: tiny air sacs of lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange
Atmospheric pressure Correct Answer: pressure exerted by weight of atmosphere
Boyle's Law Correct Answer: P x V = k. Inverse relationship between pressure and volume for
fixed amount of gas at constant temperature. Pressure * Volume = Constant K
Capillaries Correct Answer: tiny, branching blood vessels that form a network between
arterioles and venules
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Correct Answer: protein in blood cell that binds O2. Normal level: 12 g/dL.
iron rich protein that helps RBCs carry O2 from lungs to rest of body. 1g of Hgb carries 1.39 mL
Partial Pressure Correct Answer: pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture
if it occupied the same volume on its own
Partial pressure of a gas dissolved in liquid Correct Answer: = partial pressure in air above water
Pgas Correct Answer: = Fgas (friction of gas) x Ptotal
Dalton's law Correct Answer: Ptotal = P1 + ... + Pn. In a mix of non-reacting gases, the total
pressure exerted = sum of partial pressures of individual gases
Total Oxygen in Blood Correct Answer: = O2 dissolved + O2 bound to hemoglobin
Kidneys Correct Answer: conserve water, filter toxins or byproducts of metabolism, getting rid
of excess dietary fluid and salt
Concentration gradient Correct Answer: gradual change in concentration of solutes present in a
solution between 2 regions
Dialysate Correct Answer: part of mixture which passes through membrane in dialysis. Solution
of pure water, electrolytes, and salt, like bicarbonate and sodium
, Dialysis kidney Correct Answer: process of removing waste products and excess fluid from
body
Edema Correct Answer: puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in body's tissues. Increased
hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure
extracellular space Correct Answer: intravascular + intrastitial space. 1/3 of body.
glomerulus Correct Answer: cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels (cluster of
capillaries around end of kidney tubule), where waste products are filtered from blood
hydrostatic force/pressure Correct Answer: fluid pressure. water moves from high hydrostatic
pressure to low hydrostatic pressure
interstitial pressure Correct Answer: surrounds tissue cells. filled with fluid.
intravascular space Correct Answer: blood vessels. 1/3 of body fluid in extracellular is in here
intracellular space Correct Answer: space within organism's cells. 2/3 of total body water of
humans found here
oncotic force/pressure Correct Answer: osmotic consequence of having a differential
concentration of protein across the wall of a capillary
osmotic force/pressure Correct Answer: water moves from areas of low solute concentration to
areas of high solute concentration. Difference in concentration. Fluid movement across cell
walls.
Renal/kidney tubule Correct Answer: conveys urine from glomeruli to renal pelvis in vertebrate
kidney
semi-permeable membrane Correct Answer: biological membrane that will allow certain
molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion
starling forces Correct Answer: govern movement of fluid into & out of blood vessels. Fluid
movement across capillary walls. Favor filtration at arterial ends of capillaries and reabsorption
at venous ends of capillaries
urea Correct Answer: nitrogenous compound. formed in liver via urea cycle from ammonia and
is final end product of protein metabolism
dialyzer Correct Answer: filters blood during hemodialysis
air trapping Correct Answer: abnormal retention of air in lungs where it is difficult to exhale
completely. Flow is inadequate to move sufficient air out of lungs during exhalation.
Complete Solution
Patm Correct Answer: 760 mm Hg (mercury)
PN2 (partial pressure of nitrogen in air) Correct Answer: Patm * PN2 (760 * 0.78) = 592.8 mm
Hg
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in air) Correct Answer: Patm * PO2 (760 * 0.21) = 160 mm Hg
Alveolus Correct Answer: tiny air sacs of lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange
Atmospheric pressure Correct Answer: pressure exerted by weight of atmosphere
Boyle's Law Correct Answer: P x V = k. Inverse relationship between pressure and volume for
fixed amount of gas at constant temperature. Pressure * Volume = Constant K
Capillaries Correct Answer: tiny, branching blood vessels that form a network between
arterioles and venules
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Correct Answer: protein in blood cell that binds O2. Normal level: 12 g/dL.
iron rich protein that helps RBCs carry O2 from lungs to rest of body. 1g of Hgb carries 1.39 mL
Partial Pressure Correct Answer: pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture
if it occupied the same volume on its own
Partial pressure of a gas dissolved in liquid Correct Answer: = partial pressure in air above water
Pgas Correct Answer: = Fgas (friction of gas) x Ptotal
Dalton's law Correct Answer: Ptotal = P1 + ... + Pn. In a mix of non-reacting gases, the total
pressure exerted = sum of partial pressures of individual gases
Total Oxygen in Blood Correct Answer: = O2 dissolved + O2 bound to hemoglobin
Kidneys Correct Answer: conserve water, filter toxins or byproducts of metabolism, getting rid
of excess dietary fluid and salt
Concentration gradient Correct Answer: gradual change in concentration of solutes present in a
solution between 2 regions
Dialysate Correct Answer: part of mixture which passes through membrane in dialysis. Solution
of pure water, electrolytes, and salt, like bicarbonate and sodium
, Dialysis kidney Correct Answer: process of removing waste products and excess fluid from
body
Edema Correct Answer: puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in body's tissues. Increased
hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure
extracellular space Correct Answer: intravascular + intrastitial space. 1/3 of body.
glomerulus Correct Answer: cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels (cluster of
capillaries around end of kidney tubule), where waste products are filtered from blood
hydrostatic force/pressure Correct Answer: fluid pressure. water moves from high hydrostatic
pressure to low hydrostatic pressure
interstitial pressure Correct Answer: surrounds tissue cells. filled with fluid.
intravascular space Correct Answer: blood vessels. 1/3 of body fluid in extracellular is in here
intracellular space Correct Answer: space within organism's cells. 2/3 of total body water of
humans found here
oncotic force/pressure Correct Answer: osmotic consequence of having a differential
concentration of protein across the wall of a capillary
osmotic force/pressure Correct Answer: water moves from areas of low solute concentration to
areas of high solute concentration. Difference in concentration. Fluid movement across cell
walls.
Renal/kidney tubule Correct Answer: conveys urine from glomeruli to renal pelvis in vertebrate
kidney
semi-permeable membrane Correct Answer: biological membrane that will allow certain
molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion
starling forces Correct Answer: govern movement of fluid into & out of blood vessels. Fluid
movement across capillary walls. Favor filtration at arterial ends of capillaries and reabsorption
at venous ends of capillaries
urea Correct Answer: nitrogenous compound. formed in liver via urea cycle from ammonia and
is final end product of protein metabolism
dialyzer Correct Answer: filters blood during hemodialysis
air trapping Correct Answer: abnormal retention of air in lungs where it is difficult to exhale
completely. Flow is inadequate to move sufficient air out of lungs during exhalation.
