BIOS 256 Final Exam (Latest 2022):
Chamberlain College of Nursing
what are male gametes? Correct Answer: Sperm
What are female gametes? Correct Answer: Secondary oocytes
Embryonic period? Correct Answer: From fertilization through the eighth week of development
Fetal period? Correct Answer: Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
Describe the first trimester? Correct Answer: The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks.
This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system development, and
baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
Describe the second trimester? Correct Answer: 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop
human like features
Describe the third trimester? Correct Answer: 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus
doubles in weight.
Cleavage of zygote Correct Answer: Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? Correct Answer: Increased blood
osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? Correct Answer: Stimulates the
release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased thirst, increased
water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure
What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? Correct Answer: Na+ and Cl-
ADH function Correct Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more
, water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood
pressure
What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? Correct
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
When is RAAS activated? Correct Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in
plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases
Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts
Functions of ANP Correct Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where
sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood
volume.
What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? Correct Answer: Na+ and Cl-
What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? Correct Answer: K+, proteins, and
phosphates
3 buffer systems in the body Correct Answer: (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer
system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system Correct Answer: Increased exhalation of CO2 increases
exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation of H+
and decreases the pH
Kidneys as a buffer system Correct Answer: Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb
HCO3- so it is not lost in urine
Respiratory acidosis Correct Answer: A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient
amounts of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine and
increasing HCO3- reabsorption
Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of
CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and decreasing the
reabsorption of HCO3-
Metabolic acidosis Correct Answer: Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an increase in the
loss of CO2, increasing the pH
Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer: Increased HCO3-, increased pH
Chamberlain College of Nursing
what are male gametes? Correct Answer: Sperm
What are female gametes? Correct Answer: Secondary oocytes
Embryonic period? Correct Answer: From fertilization through the eighth week of development
Fetal period? Correct Answer: Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
Describe the first trimester? Correct Answer: The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks.
This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system development, and
baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
Describe the second trimester? Correct Answer: 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop
human like features
Describe the third trimester? Correct Answer: 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus
doubles in weight.
Cleavage of zygote Correct Answer: Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? Correct Answer: Increased blood
osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? Correct Answer: Stimulates the
release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased thirst, increased
water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure
What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? Correct Answer: Na+ and Cl-
ADH function Correct Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more
, water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood
pressure
What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? Correct
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
When is RAAS activated? Correct Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in
plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases
Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts
Functions of ANP Correct Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased
stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where
sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood
volume.
What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? Correct Answer: Na+ and Cl-
What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? Correct Answer: K+, proteins, and
phosphates
3 buffer systems in the body Correct Answer: (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer
system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system.
Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system Correct Answer: Increased exhalation of CO2 increases
exhalation of H+ and increases the pH, decreased exhalation of CO2 decreases exhalation of H+
and decreases the pH
Kidneys as a buffer system Correct Answer: Renal tubules secrete H+ in urine, and reabsorb
HCO3- so it is not lost in urine
Respiratory acidosis Correct Answer: A drop in pH due to the failure to exhale sufficient
amounts of CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by increasing the excretion of H+ in urine and
increasing HCO3- reabsorption
Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: An increase in pH due to the excessive exhalation of
CO2.
Solution: the renal system may correct this by decreasing the excretion of H+ and decreasing the
reabsorption of HCO3-
Metabolic acidosis Correct Answer: Decreased HCO3-, and a decreased pH.
Solution: the respiratory system may correct this by hyperventilating, causing an increase in the
loss of CO2, increasing the pH
Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer: Increased HCO3-, increased pH
