TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: General medical knowledge
LABORATORY REFERENCE VALUE 12
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 15
ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY 21
CRYSTALLOIDS VS COLLOIDS 25
NSAIDS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS 26
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS 31
CYTOTOXIC DRUGS 34
HYPERNATREMIA 40
HYPONATREMIA 45
HYPERKALEMIA 52
HYPOKALEMIA 59
HYPERCALCEMIA 65
HYPOCALCEMIA 73
HYPERMAGNESEMIA AND HYPOMAGNESEMIA 80
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA AND HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA 82
ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES 85
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIONS 93
SHOCK 94
SEPSIS 99
2
,Chapter 2: Respiratory system
OXYGEN THERAPY AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 108
ACUTE AND CHRONIC COUGH 111
COMMON COLD 119
INFLUENZA 126
SINUSITIS 135
PNEUMONIA 141
TUBERCULOSIS (TB) 159
BRONCHIECTASIS 181
ASTHMA 189
COPD 218
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE (ILD) 231
LUNG CANCER 243
PNEUMOTHORAX 259
ATELECTASIS (COLLAPSE LUNG) 270
PLEURAL EFFUSION 276
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 285
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA) 294
ACUTE ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) 305
3
,Chapter 3: Cardiovascular system
EXAMINATION OF BP AND PULSES 310
SYNCOPE 314
HYPERTENSION 322
LIPID DISORDERS 340
HEART FAILURE 352
PULMONARY EDEMA 381
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) 386
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS) 395
MYOCARDITIS 425
PERICARDITIS 429
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 433
RHEUMATIC FEVER & RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 446
MECHANICAL AND BIOPROSTHETIC HEART VALVES 451
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS) 454
MITRAL REGURGITATION (MR) 460
AORTIC STENOSIS (AS) 466
AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR) 473
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION (TR) 479
ARRHYTHMIAS 482
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF) 501
BRUGADA SYNDROME 514
LONG QT SYNDROME (LQTS) 519
HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY (HOCM) 524
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) 535
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY (RCM) 541
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD) 545
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD) 553
ATRIO-VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (AVSD) 562
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) 566
COARCTATION OF AORTA 574
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT (TOF) 582
TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT ARTERIES (TGA) 588
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 594
AORTIC DISSECTION 606
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE) 613
4
,Chapter 4: Gastrointestinal system
ABDOMINAL PAIN 624
DYSPHAGIA 632
DYSPEPSIA 637
UPPER GI BLEEDING 644
LOWER GI BLEEDING 653
DIARRHEA 659
JAUNDICE AND BILIRUBIN METABOLISM 665
GERD 675
ACUTE PANCREATITIS 686
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS 701
ACUTE CHOLANGITIS 711
RECURRENT PYOGENIC CHOLANGITIS (RPC) 717
PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) 720
PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (CIRRHOSIS) (PBC) 724
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS 732
HEPATITIS A 738
HEPATITIS B 743
HEPATITIS C 760
HEPATITIS E 767
LIVER ABSCESS 772
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASES 776
LIVER CIRRHOSIS 788
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) 821
WILSON’S DISEASE 846
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN’S DISEASE) 855
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (ULCERATIVE COLITIS) 867
COLORECTAL CANCER 882
PERITONITIS 920
5
,Chapter 5: Nephrological system
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) 927
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) 936
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (PD) 946
HEMODIALYSIS 954
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION 962
HEMATURIA 978
URINARY TRACT INFECTION 984
GLOMERULAR DISEASE 997
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 1015
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (AIN) 1029
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS (ATN) 1033
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) 1037
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD) 1044
Chapter 6: Genital system
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE INFECTION 1051
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION 1054
SYPHILIS 1057
AIDS 1062
6
,Chapter 7: CNS system
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION 1073
LOCALIZATION OF LESION 1102
INCREASED ICP 1119
HORNER’S SYNDROME 1128
DELIRIUM 1132
COMA 1138
HEADACHE 1145
PRIMARY HEADACHE 1147
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA 1157
TEMPORAL ARTERITIS 1160
SEIZURE AND EPILEPSY 1163
MENINGITIS 1181
ENCEPHALITIS 1199
BRAIN ABSCESS 1202
CEREBRAL ANEURYSM 1206
VASCULAR MALFORMATION OF CNS 1209
STROKE 1212
EPIDURAL, SUBDURAL, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE 1245
BRAIN TUMOURS 1251
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG) 1265
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 1274
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME 1282
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS) 1287
POLIOMYELITIS 1293
PARKINSON’S DISEASE 1298
7
,Chapter 8: Hematological System
ANEMIA 1309
VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY 1323
NEUTROPENIC FEVER 1331
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY (DIC) 1335
THALASSEMIA 1338
HEMOPHILIA 1353
VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE (VWD) 1363
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC (ITP) 1368
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP) 1377
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) 1382
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) 1392
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) 1402
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) 1411
LYMPHOMA 1415
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME (SVCO) 1434
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (PV) 1440
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS (ET) 1446
PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS (PMF) 1452
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) 1460
APLASTIC ANEMIA 1466
MULTIPLE MYELOMA 1472
Chapter 9: Endocrine System
DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) 1485
HYPOGLYCEMIA 1526
DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI) 1535
HYPOPITUITARISM 1541
PITUITARY ADENOMA 1547
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA 1553
HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM 1557
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM 1575
THYROID CANCER 1586
DE QUERVAIN’S THYROIDITIS (SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS) 1610
ACROMEGALY 1615
CUSHING’S SYNDROME 1622
HYPERALDOSTERONISM 1633
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY 1642
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA 1650
PERIODIC PARALYSIS 1654
8
,Chapter 10: Rheumatological System
OSTEOPOROSIS 1658
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) 1665
RHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS (RA) 1674
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS 1688
GOUTY ARTHRITIS 1693
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS) 1701
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 1710
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS 1715
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) 1719
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) 1739
SJOGREN’S SYNDROME 1746
DERMATOMYOSITIS AND POLYMYOSITIS 1756
VASCULITIS 1765
GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (GPA) (WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS) 1769
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME) 1772
MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS (MPA) 1775
AMYLOIDOSIS 1778
CRYOGLOBULINEMIA 1781
Chapter 11: Dermatological System
ECZEMA (ATOPIC DERMATITIS) 1786
PSORIASIS 1793
Chapter 12: Infective System
HSV INFECTION 1798
VZV INFECTION 1804
EBV & CMV INFECTION [INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (IM)] 1812
MUMPS 1818
MEASLES 1822
RUBELLA 1828
TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID FEVER 1834
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES 1839
DENGUE FEVER 1844
MALARIA 1850
9
, Laboratory reference value
Complete blood count (CBC)
Red blood cells (RBC)
Haemoglobin (Hb) ♂ 13.5 – 16.5 g/dL
♀ 12.0 – 16.0 g/dL
MCV 80 - 96 fL
MCH 26 – 33 pg
Hematocrit 0.4 – 0.5 L/L
RBC 4.4 – 5.8 x 1012 /L
RDW 11.8 – 15.8 %
Reticulocytes 0.2 – 2.0 %
White blood cells (WBC)
WBC 3.7 – 9.3 x 109 /L
Neutrophils 1.8 – 6.2 x 109 (40 – 80%) /L
9
Lymphocytes 1.0 – 3.2 x 10 (20 – 40%) /L
Monocytes 0.2 – 0.7 x 109 (< 10%) /L
9
Eosinophils 0.0 – 0.5 x 10 (< 5%) /L
9
Basophils 0.0 – 0.2 x 10 (< 1 - 2%) /L
Platelets
Platelet 150 – 450 x 109 /L
*: Values that are bolded are reviewed according to the newest definition in uptodate
Clotting profile
PT 9.3 – 12.1 s
APTT 25.0 – 31.3 s
INR < 1.0
D-dimer < 0.5 mg/L
Fibrinogen 2–4 g/dL
Electrolyte profile
+
Na 136 – 148 mmol/L
K+ 3.6 – 5.0 mmol/L
Cl- 100 - 109 mmol/L
Ca2+ 2.11 – 2.55 mmol/L
PO43- 0.89 – 1.45 mmol/L
12
, Lipid profile
Total cholesterol Desirable < 5.2 mmol/L
Borderline high 5.2 – 6.1 mmol/L
High ≥ 6.2 mmol/L
LDL Optimal < 2.6 mmol/L
Near optimal 2.6 – 3.3 mmol/L
Borderline high 3.4 – 4.0 mmol/L
High 4.1 – 4.8 mmol/L
Very high ≥ 4.9 mmol/L
Triglycerides Normal < 1.7 mmol/L
Borderline high 1.7 – 2.2 mmol/L
High 2.3 – 5.5 mmol/L
Very high ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
HDL Low < 1.0 mmol/L
High ≥ 1.6 mmol/L
Liver function test (LFT)
AST 15 – 38 U/L
ALT 8 – 58 U/L
ALP 42 – 110 U/L
GGT 11 – 62 U/L
Total bilirubin 4 – 23 μmol/L
Conjugated bilirubin <6 μmol/L
Albumin 39 – 50 g/L
Renal function test (RFT)
Urea 3.1 – 7.7 mmol/L
Creatinine 67 - 109 μmol/L
GFR ≥ 90 (90 – 120) mL/min/1.73m2
Thyroid function test (TFT)
TSH 0.35 – 4.80 mIU/L
fT4 12 – 23 mmol/L
13
Chapter 1: General medical knowledge
LABORATORY REFERENCE VALUE 12
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 15
ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY 21
CRYSTALLOIDS VS COLLOIDS 25
NSAIDS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS 26
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS 31
CYTOTOXIC DRUGS 34
HYPERNATREMIA 40
HYPONATREMIA 45
HYPERKALEMIA 52
HYPOKALEMIA 59
HYPERCALCEMIA 65
HYPOCALCEMIA 73
HYPERMAGNESEMIA AND HYPOMAGNESEMIA 80
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA AND HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA 82
ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES 85
SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIONS 93
SHOCK 94
SEPSIS 99
2
,Chapter 2: Respiratory system
OXYGEN THERAPY AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION 108
ACUTE AND CHRONIC COUGH 111
COMMON COLD 119
INFLUENZA 126
SINUSITIS 135
PNEUMONIA 141
TUBERCULOSIS (TB) 159
BRONCHIECTASIS 181
ASTHMA 189
COPD 218
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE (ILD) 231
LUNG CANCER 243
PNEUMOTHORAX 259
ATELECTASIS (COLLAPSE LUNG) 270
PLEURAL EFFUSION 276
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 285
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA) 294
ACUTE ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) 305
3
,Chapter 3: Cardiovascular system
EXAMINATION OF BP AND PULSES 310
SYNCOPE 314
HYPERTENSION 322
LIPID DISORDERS 340
HEART FAILURE 352
PULMONARY EDEMA 381
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) 386
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS) 395
MYOCARDITIS 425
PERICARDITIS 429
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 433
RHEUMATIC FEVER & RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 446
MECHANICAL AND BIOPROSTHETIC HEART VALVES 451
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS) 454
MITRAL REGURGITATION (MR) 460
AORTIC STENOSIS (AS) 466
AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR) 473
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION (TR) 479
ARRHYTHMIAS 482
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF) 501
BRUGADA SYNDROME 514
LONG QT SYNDROME (LQTS) 519
HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY (HOCM) 524
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (DCM) 535
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY (RCM) 541
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD) 545
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD) 553
ATRIO-VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (AVSD) 562
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) 566
COARCTATION OF AORTA 574
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT (TOF) 582
TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT ARTERIES (TGA) 588
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 594
AORTIC DISSECTION 606
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE) 613
4
,Chapter 4: Gastrointestinal system
ABDOMINAL PAIN 624
DYSPHAGIA 632
DYSPEPSIA 637
UPPER GI BLEEDING 644
LOWER GI BLEEDING 653
DIARRHEA 659
JAUNDICE AND BILIRUBIN METABOLISM 665
GERD 675
ACUTE PANCREATITIS 686
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS 701
ACUTE CHOLANGITIS 711
RECURRENT PYOGENIC CHOLANGITIS (RPC) 717
PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC) 720
PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (CIRRHOSIS) (PBC) 724
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS 732
HEPATITIS A 738
HEPATITIS B 743
HEPATITIS C 760
HEPATITIS E 767
LIVER ABSCESS 772
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASES 776
LIVER CIRRHOSIS 788
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) 821
WILSON’S DISEASE 846
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN’S DISEASE) 855
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (ULCERATIVE COLITIS) 867
COLORECTAL CANCER 882
PERITONITIS 920
5
,Chapter 5: Nephrological system
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) 927
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) 936
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (PD) 946
HEMODIALYSIS 954
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION 962
HEMATURIA 978
URINARY TRACT INFECTION 984
GLOMERULAR DISEASE 997
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 1015
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (AIN) 1029
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS (ATN) 1033
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) 1037
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (PKD) 1044
Chapter 6: Genital system
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE INFECTION 1051
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION 1054
SYPHILIS 1057
AIDS 1062
6
,Chapter 7: CNS system
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION 1073
LOCALIZATION OF LESION 1102
INCREASED ICP 1119
HORNER’S SYNDROME 1128
DELIRIUM 1132
COMA 1138
HEADACHE 1145
PRIMARY HEADACHE 1147
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA 1157
TEMPORAL ARTERITIS 1160
SEIZURE AND EPILEPSY 1163
MENINGITIS 1181
ENCEPHALITIS 1199
BRAIN ABSCESS 1202
CEREBRAL ANEURYSM 1206
VASCULAR MALFORMATION OF CNS 1209
STROKE 1212
EPIDURAL, SUBDURAL, SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE 1245
BRAIN TUMOURS 1251
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG) 1265
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 1274
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME 1282
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS) 1287
POLIOMYELITIS 1293
PARKINSON’S DISEASE 1298
7
,Chapter 8: Hematological System
ANEMIA 1309
VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY 1323
NEUTROPENIC FEVER 1331
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY (DIC) 1335
THALASSEMIA 1338
HEMOPHILIA 1353
VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE (VWD) 1363
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC (ITP) 1368
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP) 1377
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) 1382
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) 1392
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) 1402
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) 1411
LYMPHOMA 1415
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME (SVCO) 1434
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (PV) 1440
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS (ET) 1446
PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS (PMF) 1452
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) 1460
APLASTIC ANEMIA 1466
MULTIPLE MYELOMA 1472
Chapter 9: Endocrine System
DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) 1485
HYPOGLYCEMIA 1526
DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI) 1535
HYPOPITUITARISM 1541
PITUITARY ADENOMA 1547
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA 1553
HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM 1557
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM 1575
THYROID CANCER 1586
DE QUERVAIN’S THYROIDITIS (SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS) 1610
ACROMEGALY 1615
CUSHING’S SYNDROME 1622
HYPERALDOSTERONISM 1633
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY 1642
PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA 1650
PERIODIC PARALYSIS 1654
8
,Chapter 10: Rheumatological System
OSTEOPOROSIS 1658
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA) 1665
RHEUMATIC ARTHRITIS (RA) 1674
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS 1688
GOUTY ARTHRITIS 1693
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS) 1701
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 1710
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS 1715
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) 1719
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA) 1739
SJOGREN’S SYNDROME 1746
DERMATOMYOSITIS AND POLYMYOSITIS 1756
VASCULITIS 1765
GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (GPA) (WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS) 1769
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS (CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME) 1772
MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS (MPA) 1775
AMYLOIDOSIS 1778
CRYOGLOBULINEMIA 1781
Chapter 11: Dermatological System
ECZEMA (ATOPIC DERMATITIS) 1786
PSORIASIS 1793
Chapter 12: Infective System
HSV INFECTION 1798
VZV INFECTION 1804
EBV & CMV INFECTION [INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (IM)] 1812
MUMPS 1818
MEASLES 1822
RUBELLA 1828
TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID FEVER 1834
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES 1839
DENGUE FEVER 1844
MALARIA 1850
9
, Laboratory reference value
Complete blood count (CBC)
Red blood cells (RBC)
Haemoglobin (Hb) ♂ 13.5 – 16.5 g/dL
♀ 12.0 – 16.0 g/dL
MCV 80 - 96 fL
MCH 26 – 33 pg
Hematocrit 0.4 – 0.5 L/L
RBC 4.4 – 5.8 x 1012 /L
RDW 11.8 – 15.8 %
Reticulocytes 0.2 – 2.0 %
White blood cells (WBC)
WBC 3.7 – 9.3 x 109 /L
Neutrophils 1.8 – 6.2 x 109 (40 – 80%) /L
9
Lymphocytes 1.0 – 3.2 x 10 (20 – 40%) /L
Monocytes 0.2 – 0.7 x 109 (< 10%) /L
9
Eosinophils 0.0 – 0.5 x 10 (< 5%) /L
9
Basophils 0.0 – 0.2 x 10 (< 1 - 2%) /L
Platelets
Platelet 150 – 450 x 109 /L
*: Values that are bolded are reviewed according to the newest definition in uptodate
Clotting profile
PT 9.3 – 12.1 s
APTT 25.0 – 31.3 s
INR < 1.0
D-dimer < 0.5 mg/L
Fibrinogen 2–4 g/dL
Electrolyte profile
+
Na 136 – 148 mmol/L
K+ 3.6 – 5.0 mmol/L
Cl- 100 - 109 mmol/L
Ca2+ 2.11 – 2.55 mmol/L
PO43- 0.89 – 1.45 mmol/L
12
, Lipid profile
Total cholesterol Desirable < 5.2 mmol/L
Borderline high 5.2 – 6.1 mmol/L
High ≥ 6.2 mmol/L
LDL Optimal < 2.6 mmol/L
Near optimal 2.6 – 3.3 mmol/L
Borderline high 3.4 – 4.0 mmol/L
High 4.1 – 4.8 mmol/L
Very high ≥ 4.9 mmol/L
Triglycerides Normal < 1.7 mmol/L
Borderline high 1.7 – 2.2 mmol/L
High 2.3 – 5.5 mmol/L
Very high ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
HDL Low < 1.0 mmol/L
High ≥ 1.6 mmol/L
Liver function test (LFT)
AST 15 – 38 U/L
ALT 8 – 58 U/L
ALP 42 – 110 U/L
GGT 11 – 62 U/L
Total bilirubin 4 – 23 μmol/L
Conjugated bilirubin <6 μmol/L
Albumin 39 – 50 g/L
Renal function test (RFT)
Urea 3.1 – 7.7 mmol/L
Creatinine 67 - 109 μmol/L
GFR ≥ 90 (90 – 120) mL/min/1.73m2
Thyroid function test (TFT)
TSH 0.35 – 4.80 mIU/L
fT4 12 – 23 mmol/L
13
