Pathophysiology Final
Exam Study Guide
, Pathophysiology Final Exam Study
Guide Modules 1-10
Module
1
Chapter
2
I. General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis
a. Alarm Stage: Fight-or-Flight response due to stressful stimuli.
b. Resistance Stage: Nervous & Endocrine systems returning
the body to homeostasis
c. Exhaustion Stage: Point where bofy can no longer return to
homeostasis Chapter 24
II. Body Fluid Homeostasis: Pertains to water within the body and the
particles dissolved in it.
i. Fluid Distribution: Occurs through osmosis, water moves
to higher osmolality, cell membranes permeable to
water, not elec- trolytes.
ii. Extracellular Fluid: OUTSIDE THE CELL
1. 1/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
2. Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to
intracel- lular
iii. Intracellular Fluid: INSIDE THE CELL
1. 2/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
III. Fluid Imbalances
a. Volume Deficit
i. Etiology: Caused by removal of a sodium-containing fluid
from the body
ii. Clinical Manifestations:Sudden weight loss, postural blood
pres- sure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate,
flat neck veins, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope,
oliguria, decreased skin tur- got, dryness of oral mucus
membranes, hard stools, soft sunken eyeballs, lonitudinal
furrows in the tongue
1. INFANTS: fontanel may be sunken, neck veins are
not reli- ably assessed in infants
b. Volume Excess
i. Etiology: Amount of extracellular fluid is abnormally
increased, vascular and intersitial areas have too much
fluid
ii. Clinical Manifestations:
1. Circulatory Overload: Bounding pulse, neck vein
distention in upright position, crackles in dependent
portions of lungs, dyspnea, orthopnea
2. Sudden Weight Gain: A sensitive measure of
extracellular fluid
3. INFANT: Bulging fontanel, assessment of neck
, veins is not effective in infants
Exam Study Guide
, Pathophysiology Final Exam Study
Guide Modules 1-10
Module
1
Chapter
2
I. General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis
a. Alarm Stage: Fight-or-Flight response due to stressful stimuli.
b. Resistance Stage: Nervous & Endocrine systems returning
the body to homeostasis
c. Exhaustion Stage: Point where bofy can no longer return to
homeostasis Chapter 24
II. Body Fluid Homeostasis: Pertains to water within the body and the
particles dissolved in it.
i. Fluid Distribution: Occurs through osmosis, water moves
to higher osmolality, cell membranes permeable to
water, not elec- trolytes.
ii. Extracellular Fluid: OUTSIDE THE CELL
1. 1/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
2. Infants have more extracellular fluid as compared to
intracel- lular
iii. Intracellular Fluid: INSIDE THE CELL
1. 2/3 BODY FLUID IN ADULTS
III. Fluid Imbalances
a. Volume Deficit
i. Etiology: Caused by removal of a sodium-containing fluid
from the body
ii. Clinical Manifestations:Sudden weight loss, postural blood
pres- sure decrease with concurrent increased heart rate,
flat neck veins, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope,
oliguria, decreased skin tur- got, dryness of oral mucus
membranes, hard stools, soft sunken eyeballs, lonitudinal
furrows in the tongue
1. INFANTS: fontanel may be sunken, neck veins are
not reli- ably assessed in infants
b. Volume Excess
i. Etiology: Amount of extracellular fluid is abnormally
increased, vascular and intersitial areas have too much
fluid
ii. Clinical Manifestations:
1. Circulatory Overload: Bounding pulse, neck vein
distention in upright position, crackles in dependent
portions of lungs, dyspnea, orthopnea
2. Sudden Weight Gain: A sensitive measure of
extracellular fluid
3. INFANT: Bulging fontanel, assessment of neck
, veins is not effective in infants
