Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
** Select all means the question is a select all that apply **
Module 1
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
• fight or flight response
• reduced resistance to stressors
• release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids
(cortisol and aldostrone)
2. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in
the fight or flight stage present with? (Select All)
• Includes increased heart rate,
• increased respirations,
• diaphoresis (sweating)
• increased blood flow to muscles,
• increased muscle strength,
• increased mental alertness,
• increased fat and protein mobilization,
• increased glucose availability,
• decreased inflammation
• pupils dilate
3. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
• Etiology: cause or reason for the event
• Pathogenesis: development and evolution of a disease
• Clinical manifestations
• Treatment Implications
4. Prevention and treatment of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
• Primary: do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it (e.g., vaccines)
• Secondary: disease detection (e.g., Pap smears and yearly physicals)
• Tertiary: trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem (e.g., rehabilitation)
5. What compounds does the body release during stress?
• Catecholamines (epinephrine/noepeniphrine)
• Cortisol
, 6. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
• osmosis
7. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body?
• Urine
• Feces
• Insensible losses (Exhaling, sweating, breathing)
8. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
• loss of total body sodium-Vomiting
• diarrhea
• excessive sweating
• Burns
• diuretics or kidney failure.
9. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia?
• Rapid brain swelling leading to coma.
• Brain damage
• seizures
10. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance.
• EKG (heart assessment)
11. Symptoms of dehydration
• Thirst
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• vague discomfort
• loss of appetite
12. Cause of edema
• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• loss of plasma proteins
• Fluid build-up in the interstitial space
• obstruction of lymphatic circulation
• increased capillary permeability
13. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the
webex lecture)
** Select all means the question is a select all that apply **
Module 1
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
• fight or flight response
• reduced resistance to stressors
• release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids
(cortisol and aldostrone)
2. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in
the fight or flight stage present with? (Select All)
• Includes increased heart rate,
• increased respirations,
• diaphoresis (sweating)
• increased blood flow to muscles,
• increased muscle strength,
• increased mental alertness,
• increased fat and protein mobilization,
• increased glucose availability,
• decreased inflammation
• pupils dilate
3. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
• Etiology: cause or reason for the event
• Pathogenesis: development and evolution of a disease
• Clinical manifestations
• Treatment Implications
4. Prevention and treatment of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
• Primary: do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it (e.g., vaccines)
• Secondary: disease detection (e.g., Pap smears and yearly physicals)
• Tertiary: trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem (e.g., rehabilitation)
5. What compounds does the body release during stress?
• Catecholamines (epinephrine/noepeniphrine)
• Cortisol
, 6. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
• osmosis
7. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body?
• Urine
• Feces
• Insensible losses (Exhaling, sweating, breathing)
8. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
• loss of total body sodium-Vomiting
• diarrhea
• excessive sweating
• Burns
• diuretics or kidney failure.
9. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia?
• Rapid brain swelling leading to coma.
• Brain damage
• seizures
10. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance.
• EKG (heart assessment)
11. Symptoms of dehydration
• Thirst
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• vague discomfort
• loss of appetite
12. Cause of edema
• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• loss of plasma proteins
• Fluid build-up in the interstitial space
• obstruction of lymphatic circulation
• increased capillary permeability
13. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the
webex lecture)
