GENETIC MATERIAL-1
1. INTRODUCTION
(i) Flagellum presence was first reported by Englemann (1868 A.D.)
(ii) Jansen (1887) was first scientist to report the structure of sperm flagellum
2. DEFINITION
Cilia and flagella are microscopic hair or thread like motile structure present extra cellularly on
free surface.
3. ORIGIN
Cilia and flagella both get originated from Basal body.
4. ULTRASTRUCTURE
(i) Internal structure is very much like centriole.
(ii) Both cilia and flagella is formed of two parts.
(1) Protoplasmic sheath
It is outer 2-layered protective coat.
(2) Axonema or axial filament
(i) It is central contractile part.
(ii) It is formed of 11 microtubules.
(iii) Microtubules are arranged in 9+2 pattern.
(iv) Microtubules are of two types
(1) Central
(2) Peripheral
(1) Central microtubules
(i) It is two in number.
(ii) Both remain surrounded by a common central sheath.
(iii) Each central microtubule is formed of 13 protofilaments,
(2) Peripheral microtubules
(i) It is 9 in number
(ii) It is present along the periphery
(iii) Each of the 9 is doublet and is formed of 2-subtubules (A and B)
(iv) A-subtubules found inside whrease B-subtubules found
5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
(i) Chemically central tubule are formed of dynein protein
(ii) Peripheral microtubules are formed of tubulin protein.
Protein 74 - 84 %
, Lipid 13-23%
Carbohydrate 1-6%
Nucleotide 0.2-0.4%
6. FUNCTION
(i) Helps in locomotion e.g. ciliate and flagellate protozoa. (paramoecium euglena)
(ii) In many filter feeding organism, helps in getting food e.g. in Unio, Amphioxus, Herdmania.
(iii) in many organism, cilia helps in respiration.
7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA
S.No. Cilia Flagella
(i) More in number Less in number
(ii) Small sized 5 to 100μ Large sized upto 150 mμ long
(iii) Coordination in beating of cilia Beat independently
8. SIMILARITY BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA
(i) Both arise from the basal bodies.
(ii) Both are similar in their ultrastructure.
(iii) Both have similar chemical composition.
(iv) Both are similar in their basic function.
Microtubules
(i) Microtubules are present in eukaryotic cell.
(ii) The external diameter 12 nm and wall are 5 nm thick
(iii) The wall is made up of helically arranged polymerch tubulin
(iv) Microtubules are seen in cilia and Flagella.
(v) They occour singly or in bundles.
Function
(i) They form a cytoskeleton and are responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell.
(ii) They radiate from the centrosphere around centriole and form spindle fibre.
(iii) They form the cytoskeleton of cillia and flagella.
(iv) They are involved in the sliding motion of chromosome during cell division.
Microbodies
Microbodies aresingle membrane bound small spherical structures. Size vary from 0.3-1.5μm (in
diam) It includes following.
1. INTRODUCTION
(i) Flagellum presence was first reported by Englemann (1868 A.D.)
(ii) Jansen (1887) was first scientist to report the structure of sperm flagellum
2. DEFINITION
Cilia and flagella are microscopic hair or thread like motile structure present extra cellularly on
free surface.
3. ORIGIN
Cilia and flagella both get originated from Basal body.
4. ULTRASTRUCTURE
(i) Internal structure is very much like centriole.
(ii) Both cilia and flagella is formed of two parts.
(1) Protoplasmic sheath
It is outer 2-layered protective coat.
(2) Axonema or axial filament
(i) It is central contractile part.
(ii) It is formed of 11 microtubules.
(iii) Microtubules are arranged in 9+2 pattern.
(iv) Microtubules are of two types
(1) Central
(2) Peripheral
(1) Central microtubules
(i) It is two in number.
(ii) Both remain surrounded by a common central sheath.
(iii) Each central microtubule is formed of 13 protofilaments,
(2) Peripheral microtubules
(i) It is 9 in number
(ii) It is present along the periphery
(iii) Each of the 9 is doublet and is formed of 2-subtubules (A and B)
(iv) A-subtubules found inside whrease B-subtubules found
5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
(i) Chemically central tubule are formed of dynein protein
(ii) Peripheral microtubules are formed of tubulin protein.
Protein 74 - 84 %
, Lipid 13-23%
Carbohydrate 1-6%
Nucleotide 0.2-0.4%
6. FUNCTION
(i) Helps in locomotion e.g. ciliate and flagellate protozoa. (paramoecium euglena)
(ii) In many filter feeding organism, helps in getting food e.g. in Unio, Amphioxus, Herdmania.
(iii) in many organism, cilia helps in respiration.
7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA
S.No. Cilia Flagella
(i) More in number Less in number
(ii) Small sized 5 to 100μ Large sized upto 150 mμ long
(iii) Coordination in beating of cilia Beat independently
8. SIMILARITY BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA
(i) Both arise from the basal bodies.
(ii) Both are similar in their ultrastructure.
(iii) Both have similar chemical composition.
(iv) Both are similar in their basic function.
Microtubules
(i) Microtubules are present in eukaryotic cell.
(ii) The external diameter 12 nm and wall are 5 nm thick
(iii) The wall is made up of helically arranged polymerch tubulin
(iv) Microtubules are seen in cilia and Flagella.
(v) They occour singly or in bundles.
Function
(i) They form a cytoskeleton and are responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell.
(ii) They radiate from the centrosphere around centriole and form spindle fibre.
(iii) They form the cytoskeleton of cillia and flagella.
(iv) They are involved in the sliding motion of chromosome during cell division.
Microbodies
Microbodies aresingle membrane bound small spherical structures. Size vary from 0.3-1.5μm (in
diam) It includes following.
