363 Final Exam| 808 questions| with complete solutions
sensory organs for hearing and maintaining equilibrium Correct Answer: ears
Ears three parts: Correct Answer: external, middle, inner
called the auricle or pinna Correct Answer: external ear
Characteristic shape serves to funnel sound waves into its opening, which is called the external
auditory canal Correct Answer: external ear
external ear consists of movable ___ and ____ Correct Answer: cartilage, skin
A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum, or tympanic membrane
Correct Answer: auditory canal
a yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects ear; Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign
bodies from entering and reaching sensitive tympanic membrane Correct Answer: cerumen
___Lined with glands that secrete cerumen Correct Answer: auditory canal
separates the external and middle ear Correct Answer: tympanic membrane (eardrum)
External Ear:
-Translucent membrane with a ____ color
-Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle ear ossicles, the _____
-Parts of malleus show through translucent drum Correct Answer: pearly gray
malleus
Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone Correct Answer: Middle Ear
Middle ear contains tiny ear bones, ossicles: _____, ______, _____ Correct Answer: malleus,
incus, and stapes
Middle Ear:
-Opening to the outer ear is covered by the ____
-Openings to inner ear are _____ at the end of the stapes and the round window
-_______: opening that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and allows passage of air
-Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning Correct Answer: TM
oval window
Eustachian tube
Middle Ear has three functions:
1. Conducts _____ from outer ear to central hearing apparatus in inner ear
2. Protects inner ear by _______ of loud sounds
,3. Eustachian tube allows ____ of air pressure on each side of TM so that it does not rupture
Correct Answer: sound vibrations
reducing amplitude
equalization
Contains the bony labyrinth, which holds sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing Correct
Answer: inner ear
Although the inner ear is not accessible to direct examination, its functions can be assessed
Correct Answer: ------
normal pathway of hearing is ____ and is most efficient Correct Answer: air conduction
alternate route of hearing is ____ Correct Answer: bone conduction
Bones of the skull vibrate and are transmitted directly to inner ear and to cranial nerve VIII
Correct Answer: bone conduction
Anything obstructing transmission of sound impairs hearing Correct Answer: hearing loss
_____ loss involves a mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear Correct Answer:
conductive hearing
_____ Hearing loss:
1. Partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough to reach
normal nerve elements in inner ear
2. May be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated TM, pus or serum in middle
ear, and otosclerosis, which is a decrease in mobility of ossicles Correct Answer: Conductive
__________ (perceptive) hearing loss signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or
auditory areas of cerebral cortex Correct Answer: Sensorineural
____ Hearing loss:
1. Increase in amplitude may not enable person to understand words
2. May be caused by presbycusis or ototoxic drugs Correct Answer: Sensorineural
a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging Correct Answer: presbycusis
affect hair cells in cochlea Correct Answer: ototxic drugs
____ hearing loss is combination of conductive and sensorineural types in same ear Correct
Answer: mixed
_____ in inner ear constantly feeds information to brain about body's position in space Correct
Answer: Labyrinth
,Labyrinth:
-Works like a plumb line to determine ___ or _____
-Ear's plumb lines register _____ of your head in relation to gravity
-If labyrinth ever becomes inflamed, it feeds wrong information to brain, creating a staggering
gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called ____ Correct Answer: verticality/depth
angle
vertigo
1. Inner ear starts to develop early in ____ week of gestation
2. In early development ear is _____ rotated and low set; later ascends to its normal placement
around eye level
3. If maternal _____ infection occurs during first trimester, it can damage organ of Corti and
impair hearing
4. Infant's eustachian tube is relatively shorter and wider and more horizontal than adult's, so it is
easier for pathogens from _____ to migrate through to middle ear Correct Answer: 5th
posteriorly
rubella
nasopharynx
Common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between ages of 20 and 40 years
Correct Answer: otosclerosis
Gradual hardening that causes foot plate of stapes to become fixed in oval window, impeding
transmission of sound and causing progressive deafness Correct Answer: otosclerosis
Aging adults:
-In aging persons, cilia lining ear canal become ___ and stiff
-May cause cerumen to accumulate and _____, which greatly reduces hearing
-Cerumen is drier with aging because of atrophy of _____
-Impacted cerumen is a common but reversible cause of hearing loss in older people Correct
Answer: coarse
oxidize
apocrine glands
Aging adults:
_____: type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in quiet environment
-Gradual _____ loss caused by nerve degeneration in inner ear or auditory nerve
-Onset usually occurs in ____ and slowly progresses
-First notice a ____-frequency tone loss
-Ability to localize sound is impaired also
-Accentuated when unfavorable background noise is present
-Auditory reaction time increases after age ___; takes longer to process sensory input and to
respond to it Correct Answer: presbycusis
sensorineural
50s
high
, 70
Obstruction of eustachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into middle ear Correct
Answer: Otitis media
Otitis media:
-One of most common illnesses in ____
-Incidence and severity increased in _____ children of North America, New Zealand, and
Northern Europe
-Most important cause is _____: children in high risk groups have multiple pathogens and total
bacterial load is high Correct Answer: children
indigenous
environmental
Otitis Media:
1. In the ____ position effects of gravity and sucking tend to draw nasopharyngeal contents
directly into middle ear
2. Urge parents to hold baby partly upright while feeding
3. Do not prop bottle or let baby take a bottle to bed
4. Encouraging _____ helps prevent this problem
5. Most important side effect of otitis media is persistence of fluid in ________ after treatment;
this middle ear effusion can impair hearing, placing child at risk for delayed cognitive
development Correct Answer: supine
breastfeeding
middle ear
Objective (Preparation):
-Position sitting up straight with head at ___ level
Occasionally ear canal partially filled with cerumen, which obstructs view of TM
If TM intact and no current infection present, a method of cleaning canal is to soften cerumen
with a warmed solution of mineral oil and ____
Then, canal irrigated with warm water with a bulb syringe or a low-pulsatile dental irrigator or
WaterPik
Direct fluid to _____; leave space around irrigator tip for water to escape
-Do not irrigate if history or examination suggests ____ or ___ Correct Answer: eye
hydrogen peroxide
posterior wall
perforation, infection
Ear Equipment needed:
_____ with bright light, fresh batteries give off white, not yellow light
______ attachment, sometimes used with infant or young child
Tuning forks in 512 and 1024 Hz Correct Answer: Otoscope
Pneumatic bulb
Inspect and palpate external ear:
sensory organs for hearing and maintaining equilibrium Correct Answer: ears
Ears three parts: Correct Answer: external, middle, inner
called the auricle or pinna Correct Answer: external ear
Characteristic shape serves to funnel sound waves into its opening, which is called the external
auditory canal Correct Answer: external ear
external ear consists of movable ___ and ____ Correct Answer: cartilage, skin
A cul-de-sac 2.5 to 3 cm long in adults that terminates at eardrum, or tympanic membrane
Correct Answer: auditory canal
a yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects ear; Forms sticky barrier to keep foreign
bodies from entering and reaching sensitive tympanic membrane Correct Answer: cerumen
___Lined with glands that secrete cerumen Correct Answer: auditory canal
separates the external and middle ear Correct Answer: tympanic membrane (eardrum)
External Ear:
-Translucent membrane with a ____ color
-Oval and slightly concave, pulled in at its center by one of middle ear ossicles, the _____
-Parts of malleus show through translucent drum Correct Answer: pearly gray
malleus
Tiny air-filled cavity inside temporal bone Correct Answer: Middle Ear
Middle ear contains tiny ear bones, ossicles: _____, ______, _____ Correct Answer: malleus,
incus, and stapes
Middle Ear:
-Opening to the outer ear is covered by the ____
-Openings to inner ear are _____ at the end of the stapes and the round window
-_______: opening that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and allows passage of air
-Normally closed, but opens with swallowing or yawning Correct Answer: TM
oval window
Eustachian tube
Middle Ear has three functions:
1. Conducts _____ from outer ear to central hearing apparatus in inner ear
2. Protects inner ear by _______ of loud sounds
,3. Eustachian tube allows ____ of air pressure on each side of TM so that it does not rupture
Correct Answer: sound vibrations
reducing amplitude
equalization
Contains the bony labyrinth, which holds sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing Correct
Answer: inner ear
Although the inner ear is not accessible to direct examination, its functions can be assessed
Correct Answer: ------
normal pathway of hearing is ____ and is most efficient Correct Answer: air conduction
alternate route of hearing is ____ Correct Answer: bone conduction
Bones of the skull vibrate and are transmitted directly to inner ear and to cranial nerve VIII
Correct Answer: bone conduction
Anything obstructing transmission of sound impairs hearing Correct Answer: hearing loss
_____ loss involves a mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear Correct Answer:
conductive hearing
_____ Hearing loss:
1. Partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough to reach
normal nerve elements in inner ear
2. May be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated TM, pus or serum in middle
ear, and otosclerosis, which is a decrease in mobility of ossicles Correct Answer: Conductive
__________ (perceptive) hearing loss signifies pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or
auditory areas of cerebral cortex Correct Answer: Sensorineural
____ Hearing loss:
1. Increase in amplitude may not enable person to understand words
2. May be caused by presbycusis or ototoxic drugs Correct Answer: Sensorineural
a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging Correct Answer: presbycusis
affect hair cells in cochlea Correct Answer: ototxic drugs
____ hearing loss is combination of conductive and sensorineural types in same ear Correct
Answer: mixed
_____ in inner ear constantly feeds information to brain about body's position in space Correct
Answer: Labyrinth
,Labyrinth:
-Works like a plumb line to determine ___ or _____
-Ear's plumb lines register _____ of your head in relation to gravity
-If labyrinth ever becomes inflamed, it feeds wrong information to brain, creating a staggering
gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called ____ Correct Answer: verticality/depth
angle
vertigo
1. Inner ear starts to develop early in ____ week of gestation
2. In early development ear is _____ rotated and low set; later ascends to its normal placement
around eye level
3. If maternal _____ infection occurs during first trimester, it can damage organ of Corti and
impair hearing
4. Infant's eustachian tube is relatively shorter and wider and more horizontal than adult's, so it is
easier for pathogens from _____ to migrate through to middle ear Correct Answer: 5th
posteriorly
rubella
nasopharynx
Common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults between ages of 20 and 40 years
Correct Answer: otosclerosis
Gradual hardening that causes foot plate of stapes to become fixed in oval window, impeding
transmission of sound and causing progressive deafness Correct Answer: otosclerosis
Aging adults:
-In aging persons, cilia lining ear canal become ___ and stiff
-May cause cerumen to accumulate and _____, which greatly reduces hearing
-Cerumen is drier with aging because of atrophy of _____
-Impacted cerumen is a common but reversible cause of hearing loss in older people Correct
Answer: coarse
oxidize
apocrine glands
Aging adults:
_____: type of hearing loss that occurs with aging, even in people living in quiet environment
-Gradual _____ loss caused by nerve degeneration in inner ear or auditory nerve
-Onset usually occurs in ____ and slowly progresses
-First notice a ____-frequency tone loss
-Ability to localize sound is impaired also
-Accentuated when unfavorable background noise is present
-Auditory reaction time increases after age ___; takes longer to process sensory input and to
respond to it Correct Answer: presbycusis
sensorineural
50s
high
, 70
Obstruction of eustachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into middle ear Correct
Answer: Otitis media
Otitis media:
-One of most common illnesses in ____
-Incidence and severity increased in _____ children of North America, New Zealand, and
Northern Europe
-Most important cause is _____: children in high risk groups have multiple pathogens and total
bacterial load is high Correct Answer: children
indigenous
environmental
Otitis Media:
1. In the ____ position effects of gravity and sucking tend to draw nasopharyngeal contents
directly into middle ear
2. Urge parents to hold baby partly upright while feeding
3. Do not prop bottle or let baby take a bottle to bed
4. Encouraging _____ helps prevent this problem
5. Most important side effect of otitis media is persistence of fluid in ________ after treatment;
this middle ear effusion can impair hearing, placing child at risk for delayed cognitive
development Correct Answer: supine
breastfeeding
middle ear
Objective (Preparation):
-Position sitting up straight with head at ___ level
Occasionally ear canal partially filled with cerumen, which obstructs view of TM
If TM intact and no current infection present, a method of cleaning canal is to soften cerumen
with a warmed solution of mineral oil and ____
Then, canal irrigated with warm water with a bulb syringe or a low-pulsatile dental irrigator or
WaterPik
Direct fluid to _____; leave space around irrigator tip for water to escape
-Do not irrigate if history or examination suggests ____ or ___ Correct Answer: eye
hydrogen peroxide
posterior wall
perforation, infection
Ear Equipment needed:
_____ with bright light, fresh batteries give off white, not yellow light
______ attachment, sometimes used with infant or young child
Tuning forks in 512 and 1024 Hz Correct Answer: Otoscope
Pneumatic bulb
Inspect and palpate external ear:
