THEORIES OF PERSONALITY EXAM REVIEWER: Behavioral, Cognitive,
Dispositional/Trait, Humanistic, Emerging Perspectives, Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
MODULE 3, part 1 [BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES]
Watson
● focused on the application of classical conditioning on human behavior
● “ The Little Albert” , he examined the conditioning of the fear response on humans. Albert initially
had no fears, but eventually, started to fear rats and other animals with fur because he had
associated the white rat with loud noise Watson made whenever he held it.
● subscribe to radical behaviorism. He believed that genetic factors were complete negligible,
denying even the existence of the mind and consciousness. To him, all differences in
personality may be attributed to the differences in learning experiences
Pavlov [Classical Conditioning]
Classical conditioning
● Unconditioned stimulus (US) - stimulus that elicits a particular response w/o prior training
● Unconditioned response (UR) - response that occurs to a stimulus w/o prior training
● Conditioned stimulus (CS) - stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of CC
● Conditioned response (CR) - response that is eventually elicited by the CS after repeated pairings with US
Classical conditioning stages/ phases
● Originally…
, ○ CS [bell] → nothing
○ US [meat] → UR [salivate]
● Many trials
○ CS (bell] : US [meat] → UR [salivating]
● Eventually…
○ CS [bell] → CR [salivating]
Classical Conditioning Principles
● Extinction - decrease in CR when the US is no longer paired with CS
○ Ex: if the smell of food (US) was paired with the sound of the bell (CS), it would evoke salivation (CR). BUT if US were no longer
paired with CS, eventually, CR would disappear.
● Spontaneous recovery - return of a previously extinguished CR following a rest period
○ Ex: imagine that after training a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, you stop reinforcing the behavior and the response
eventually becomes extinct. After a rest period during which CS is not presented, you suddenly ring the bell and the animal
spontaneously recovers the previously learned response.
● Generalization - demonstrating the CR to stimuli that are similar to the CS; opposite of discrimination
○ Ex: in Little Albert, the child exhibited fear of other fuzzy white objects like stuffed toys and Watson’s hair, which were
associated with the white rat he was conditioned to fear
● Discrimination - ability to respond differently to similar stimuli; opposite of generalization
○ Ex: if sound of the bell was CS, discrimination involves telling the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds.
Since one can distinguish between these stimuli, they’ll only respond when CS is presented
Skinner [Operant Conditioning]
● Assumptions of behaviorism
○ All behavior is learned from the environment
, ○ Psychology should be seen as a science
○ Behaviorism is concerned with observable behavior
○ There’s little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and in animals
○ Behavior is result of stimulus-response
● Shaping - process of reinforcing successive approximations
○ Ex: challenging boy to dress himself; process of dressing is broken down into simple segments. First the boy is rewarded whenever
the boy places left hand inside the left sleeve of shirt. Then rewards are withhold until he places hand into proper sleeve
● Conditions of operant conditioning
○ Antecedent - environment/setting in which the behavior takes place
○ Behavior
○ Consequence - reward
● Consequence in terms of reinforcement and punishment
○ Conditioned and generalized reinforcers
■ Conditioned - Are not by nature satisfying but becomes so because they’re associated with primary reinforcers ( like food,
water, physical comfort); money is a conditioned reinforcer since it can be exchanged for a variety of primary reinforcers
■ Generalized - Are those associated with more than one primary reinforcers; money is also a generalized reinforcer
○ Effects of reinforcement and punishment
■ Effects of reinforcement:
● Strengthens behavior
● Rewards the person; not every behavior that is reinforced is rewarding or pleasing to the person
■ Effects of punishment
● Suppressed behavior
○ Merely suppresses the tendency to behave in the undesirable fashion
● Conditioning of a negative feelings
, ○ Associated aversive stimulus with behavior being punished
● Spread of its effects
○ Stimulus associated with the punishment may be suppresses or avoided
● Types of reinforcements [increase behavior; NOT SAME AS REWARDS] and punishments [decrease behavior]
○ Positive reinforcement [application of pleasant stimulus]
■ A mental patient is given a token for consecutively taking his medicines for a week
○ Negative reinforcement [removal of unpleasant stimulus]
■ Teacher reduces the coursework when the entire class passed the exam
○ Positive punishment [application of an unpleasant stimulus]
■ Police beats up a person who went outside the house w/o a pass during ECQ
○ Negative punishment [removal of pleasant stimulus]
■ Grounding a teen by not using the phone by a parent for failing an exam
● Schedule of reinforcement
○ Fixed-ratio - organism is reinforced intermittently according to the number of responses it makes
■ Ex: receiving stamp on the reward card for every bubble milk tea ordered [in ratio, we talk about the behavior.
Reinforcement per behavior]
○ Variable-ratio - reinforced after every nth response
■ Playing the slot machine in the casino
○ Fixed-interval - reinforced for the first response following a designated period of time
■ Going for a massage every end of the month
○ Variable-interval - organism is reinforced after the lapse of random or varied periods of time
■ Not knowing when salary will be deposited; sometimes late, other times very late
● Pathology and therapy
○ Counteracting strategies
Dispositional/Trait, Humanistic, Emerging Perspectives, Sikolohiyang
Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
MODULE 3, part 1 [BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES]
Watson
● focused on the application of classical conditioning on human behavior
● “ The Little Albert” , he examined the conditioning of the fear response on humans. Albert initially
had no fears, but eventually, started to fear rats and other animals with fur because he had
associated the white rat with loud noise Watson made whenever he held it.
● subscribe to radical behaviorism. He believed that genetic factors were complete negligible,
denying even the existence of the mind and consciousness. To him, all differences in
personality may be attributed to the differences in learning experiences
Pavlov [Classical Conditioning]
Classical conditioning
● Unconditioned stimulus (US) - stimulus that elicits a particular response w/o prior training
● Unconditioned response (UR) - response that occurs to a stimulus w/o prior training
● Conditioned stimulus (CS) - stimulus that does not elicit a particular response initially, but comes to do so as a result of CC
● Conditioned response (CR) - response that is eventually elicited by the CS after repeated pairings with US
Classical conditioning stages/ phases
● Originally…
, ○ CS [bell] → nothing
○ US [meat] → UR [salivate]
● Many trials
○ CS (bell] : US [meat] → UR [salivating]
● Eventually…
○ CS [bell] → CR [salivating]
Classical Conditioning Principles
● Extinction - decrease in CR when the US is no longer paired with CS
○ Ex: if the smell of food (US) was paired with the sound of the bell (CS), it would evoke salivation (CR). BUT if US were no longer
paired with CS, eventually, CR would disappear.
● Spontaneous recovery - return of a previously extinguished CR following a rest period
○ Ex: imagine that after training a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell, you stop reinforcing the behavior and the response
eventually becomes extinct. After a rest period during which CS is not presented, you suddenly ring the bell and the animal
spontaneously recovers the previously learned response.
● Generalization - demonstrating the CR to stimuli that are similar to the CS; opposite of discrimination
○ Ex: in Little Albert, the child exhibited fear of other fuzzy white objects like stuffed toys and Watson’s hair, which were
associated with the white rat he was conditioned to fear
● Discrimination - ability to respond differently to similar stimuli; opposite of generalization
○ Ex: if sound of the bell was CS, discrimination involves telling the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds.
Since one can distinguish between these stimuli, they’ll only respond when CS is presented
Skinner [Operant Conditioning]
● Assumptions of behaviorism
○ All behavior is learned from the environment
, ○ Psychology should be seen as a science
○ Behaviorism is concerned with observable behavior
○ There’s little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and in animals
○ Behavior is result of stimulus-response
● Shaping - process of reinforcing successive approximations
○ Ex: challenging boy to dress himself; process of dressing is broken down into simple segments. First the boy is rewarded whenever
the boy places left hand inside the left sleeve of shirt. Then rewards are withhold until he places hand into proper sleeve
● Conditions of operant conditioning
○ Antecedent - environment/setting in which the behavior takes place
○ Behavior
○ Consequence - reward
● Consequence in terms of reinforcement and punishment
○ Conditioned and generalized reinforcers
■ Conditioned - Are not by nature satisfying but becomes so because they’re associated with primary reinforcers ( like food,
water, physical comfort); money is a conditioned reinforcer since it can be exchanged for a variety of primary reinforcers
■ Generalized - Are those associated with more than one primary reinforcers; money is also a generalized reinforcer
○ Effects of reinforcement and punishment
■ Effects of reinforcement:
● Strengthens behavior
● Rewards the person; not every behavior that is reinforced is rewarding or pleasing to the person
■ Effects of punishment
● Suppressed behavior
○ Merely suppresses the tendency to behave in the undesirable fashion
● Conditioning of a negative feelings
, ○ Associated aversive stimulus with behavior being punished
● Spread of its effects
○ Stimulus associated with the punishment may be suppresses or avoided
● Types of reinforcements [increase behavior; NOT SAME AS REWARDS] and punishments [decrease behavior]
○ Positive reinforcement [application of pleasant stimulus]
■ A mental patient is given a token for consecutively taking his medicines for a week
○ Negative reinforcement [removal of unpleasant stimulus]
■ Teacher reduces the coursework when the entire class passed the exam
○ Positive punishment [application of an unpleasant stimulus]
■ Police beats up a person who went outside the house w/o a pass during ECQ
○ Negative punishment [removal of pleasant stimulus]
■ Grounding a teen by not using the phone by a parent for failing an exam
● Schedule of reinforcement
○ Fixed-ratio - organism is reinforced intermittently according to the number of responses it makes
■ Ex: receiving stamp on the reward card for every bubble milk tea ordered [in ratio, we talk about the behavior.
Reinforcement per behavior]
○ Variable-ratio - reinforced after every nth response
■ Playing the slot machine in the casino
○ Fixed-interval - reinforced for the first response following a designated period of time
■ Going for a massage every end of the month
○ Variable-interval - organism is reinforced after the lapse of random or varied periods of time
■ Not knowing when salary will be deposited; sometimes late, other times very late
● Pathology and therapy
○ Counteracting strategies
