HNH-10806
Macronutrients, Energy and Health
Periode 1 – Wageningen University
Auteur: Bryan Schoenmaker
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture #1 – Study designs ......................................................................................................................1
Lecture #2 - Maag-darm stelsel ...............................................................................................................3
Lecture #3 – Koolhydraten ......................................................................................................................9
Lecture #4 – Koolhydraten en gezondheid ............................................................................................11
Lecture #5 – Vetten ...............................................................................................................................15
Lecture #6 – Vetten en Gezondheid ......................................................................................................20
Lecture #7 – Eiwitten .............................................................................................................................24
Lecture #8 – Energiebalans....................................................................................................................27
Lecture #9 – Gewichtsverlies .................................................................................................................31
Tentamen - Belangrijkste onderwerpen per college .............................................................................33
Lecture #1 – Study Designs ................................................................................................................33
Lecture #2 – Maag-darm Stelsel ........................................................................................................33
Lecture #3 – Koolhydraten ................................................................................................................34
Lecture #4 – Koolhydraten & Gezondheid ........................................................................................34
Lecture #5 – Vetten ...........................................................................................................................34
Lecture #6 – Vetten & Gezondheid ...................................................................................................34
Lecture #7 – Eiwitten .........................................................................................................................35
Lecture #8 – Energiebalans................................................................................................................35
Lecture #9 – Gewichtsverlies .............................................................................................................35
Lecture #1 – Study designs
5 september 2022
• Observational
o Ecological (population based) study
▪ A study that compares large groups of people instead of individuals for
differences such as olive oil consumption
▪ The groups can differ by location (city, country)
o Cross-sectional study
, ▪A study that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time
across a sample population or a pre-defined subset
▪ Correlate the exposure (diet soda intake) with the outcome (BMI)
• Relation between waist circumference and blood pressure
• Relation between degree of physical activity and bodyweight
• Relation between sleep duration and vegetable intake
▪ Determines correlation and NOT causation!
o Case-control study
▪ A study that compares two groups of people: those with the condition (case)
and those without the condition (control)
• Compare dietary intake of red meat between colon cancer patients
and non-patients by assessing dietary history
o (Prospective) Cohort study
▪ A study that follows research participants over a longer period of time, often
many years
▪ Cohort studies recruit and follow participants who share a common
characteristic, such as a particular occupation or demographic similarity
• Experimental
o Intervention study
▪ A study that tests or tries out an intervention – a potential drug, medical
device, activity or procedure – in people
▪ This study also makes use of a control group and a case (intervention) group
• Compare the blood cholesterol between the control group that gets
a placebo versus the experimental group that gets fish oil capsules
Limitations
• Ecological study
o It is only on population base. A country that eats a lot of a certain food product
might have other unhealthy habits as well
▪ There would be a lot of confounding, weakening associations
• Cross-sectional study
o Needs a lot of participants and a lengthy study time for rarer diseases, making it very
expensive
o Prone to reverse causality
o Prone to confounding
• Case-control study
o This study is retrospective, and people tend to forget things
o Prone to selection bias
o Prone to confounding
• Cohort study
o Needs a lot of participants and a lengthy study time for rarer diseases, making it very
expensive
o Prone to confounding
• Intervention study
o For harmful outcomes, it is unethical to perform this type of study
,Lecture #2 - Maag-darm stelsel
7 september 2022
, Vertering van voeding
• Voedsel wordt afgebroken door twee acties:
1. Fysisch/mechanisch
2. Chemisch
1. Mechanische afbraak
• Afbraak van voedsel tot kleinere deeltjes
o Fysieke verandering
• Geen chemische verandering van het voedsel
• Groter contactoppervlak voor de enzymen
o Betere chemische vertering
• Mastication = vermalen en verbrijzelen van voedsel door de tanden
• Churning = kneden van voedsel en vermengen met verteringssappen
Macronutrients, Energy and Health
Periode 1 – Wageningen University
Auteur: Bryan Schoenmaker
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture #1 – Study designs ......................................................................................................................1
Lecture #2 - Maag-darm stelsel ...............................................................................................................3
Lecture #3 – Koolhydraten ......................................................................................................................9
Lecture #4 – Koolhydraten en gezondheid ............................................................................................11
Lecture #5 – Vetten ...............................................................................................................................15
Lecture #6 – Vetten en Gezondheid ......................................................................................................20
Lecture #7 – Eiwitten .............................................................................................................................24
Lecture #8 – Energiebalans....................................................................................................................27
Lecture #9 – Gewichtsverlies .................................................................................................................31
Tentamen - Belangrijkste onderwerpen per college .............................................................................33
Lecture #1 – Study Designs ................................................................................................................33
Lecture #2 – Maag-darm Stelsel ........................................................................................................33
Lecture #3 – Koolhydraten ................................................................................................................34
Lecture #4 – Koolhydraten & Gezondheid ........................................................................................34
Lecture #5 – Vetten ...........................................................................................................................34
Lecture #6 – Vetten & Gezondheid ...................................................................................................34
Lecture #7 – Eiwitten .........................................................................................................................35
Lecture #8 – Energiebalans................................................................................................................35
Lecture #9 – Gewichtsverlies .............................................................................................................35
Lecture #1 – Study designs
5 september 2022
• Observational
o Ecological (population based) study
▪ A study that compares large groups of people instead of individuals for
differences such as olive oil consumption
▪ The groups can differ by location (city, country)
o Cross-sectional study
, ▪A study that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time
across a sample population or a pre-defined subset
▪ Correlate the exposure (diet soda intake) with the outcome (BMI)
• Relation between waist circumference and blood pressure
• Relation between degree of physical activity and bodyweight
• Relation between sleep duration and vegetable intake
▪ Determines correlation and NOT causation!
o Case-control study
▪ A study that compares two groups of people: those with the condition (case)
and those without the condition (control)
• Compare dietary intake of red meat between colon cancer patients
and non-patients by assessing dietary history
o (Prospective) Cohort study
▪ A study that follows research participants over a longer period of time, often
many years
▪ Cohort studies recruit and follow participants who share a common
characteristic, such as a particular occupation or demographic similarity
• Experimental
o Intervention study
▪ A study that tests or tries out an intervention – a potential drug, medical
device, activity or procedure – in people
▪ This study also makes use of a control group and a case (intervention) group
• Compare the blood cholesterol between the control group that gets
a placebo versus the experimental group that gets fish oil capsules
Limitations
• Ecological study
o It is only on population base. A country that eats a lot of a certain food product
might have other unhealthy habits as well
▪ There would be a lot of confounding, weakening associations
• Cross-sectional study
o Needs a lot of participants and a lengthy study time for rarer diseases, making it very
expensive
o Prone to reverse causality
o Prone to confounding
• Case-control study
o This study is retrospective, and people tend to forget things
o Prone to selection bias
o Prone to confounding
• Cohort study
o Needs a lot of participants and a lengthy study time for rarer diseases, making it very
expensive
o Prone to confounding
• Intervention study
o For harmful outcomes, it is unethical to perform this type of study
,Lecture #2 - Maag-darm stelsel
7 september 2022
, Vertering van voeding
• Voedsel wordt afgebroken door twee acties:
1. Fysisch/mechanisch
2. Chemisch
1. Mechanische afbraak
• Afbraak van voedsel tot kleinere deeltjes
o Fysieke verandering
• Geen chemische verandering van het voedsel
• Groter contactoppervlak voor de enzymen
o Betere chemische vertering
• Mastication = vermalen en verbrijzelen van voedsel door de tanden
• Churning = kneden van voedsel en vermengen met verteringssappen
