CPCE Exam| 298 QUESTIONS| WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2022/2023
Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment Correct Answer: When
counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation Correct Answer: Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality.
The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening
your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations Correct Answer: Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means
no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher
than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your
GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your
teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research Correct Answer: when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields
numbers.
Qualitative research Correct Answer: When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles Correct Answer: When research has flaws
What is a true experiment? Correct Answer: Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling? Correct Answer: People are picked randomly and placed in groups
using random assignment.
Systematic sampling Correct Answer: where every nth person is chosen can also be used
howere, researchers stillprefer random sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research? Correct Answer: When the groups are not picked at
random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment.
quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable Correct Answer: The experimental group gets the IV and it is
known as the experimental variable.
what is the DV or dependent variable? Correct Answer: the outcome data in the study is called
the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the
IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error Correct Answer: When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
,Type II beta error Correct Answer: When a research accepts null when it should have been
rejected.
What is significance levels in social science? Correct Answer: .05 or less (.01 to .001) The
signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error.
N=1 Correct Answer: a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV,
control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics Correct Answer: evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding
what the researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an
experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure Correct Answer: if subjects know they are being observed.
Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable
or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure Correct Answer: When subjects are not aware that they are being
measured.
Internal vailidty Correct Answer: when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are
accurate. The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding
extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what
he thought he measured.
External validity Correct Answer: it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to
other settings.
A t test Correct Answer: a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance Correct Answer: Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when
you have two or means to compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric measures for
normally distributed populations. The ANOVA provides F values and the F test will tell you if
significant differences are present.
MANOVA Correct Answer: Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance Correct Answer: When you are investigating more than one
IV/experimental variable (if you have two IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a
three way ANOVA.)
Chi square Correct Answer: if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric
test is used. or a Kruskal-wallace can be used.
, Ex post facto or causal comparative design Correct Answer: if the researcher did not manipulate
the variable and you are looing at after the fact data, the the research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics Correct Answer: statistics that describe central tendency like the mean,
median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses Correct Answer: include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis
of Covariance, Chi square, Krushal Wallis
Cohort studies Correct Answer: examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research Correct Answer: tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated
over a period of time.
Cross-sectional research Correct Answer: Relies on observation or data from a given point in
time.
Formative evaluation Correct Answer: takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going
on while summative or outcomes evaluations occurs at the end of a program or treatment (e.g.
after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design Correct Answer: Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one
group of subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design Correct Answer: uses the same subjects for the control
condition and then at a different time for the IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice Correct Answer: implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in
a given area or with a given population.
A counselor's duty to warn Correct Answer: Based on the Tarasoff case. This principle now
states that if a client is going to harm him or herself, somebody else, or both, you will break
confidenctiality and contact the appropriate people (the police, the target person) to ward off this
tragedy.
Dual Relationship Correct Answer: Could also be called multiple relationships on the exam.
This concept implues that you are a person's helper but you also have another significant
relationship with that person (maybe you are dating them or perhaps they are a relative or
business partner) Such relationships get in the way of objectivity and should be avoided
whenever possible unless the relationship is beneficial to the client.
Priiviledged communications Correct Answer: Set by the state, law priviledged communication
asserts that you cannot reveal what a client said in session in court unless the client allows you to
do so. There are exceptions to this such as child abuse, suicide, homicide, and supervisory
sessions or if a lawsuit is filed against you. You should never release information about the client
outside of court (unless it is the exceptions just mentioned) unless the client signs a release of
SOLUTIONS 2022/2023
Empirically validated Treatment or Empirically Supported treatment Correct Answer: When
counselors do integrate research into practice.
Correlation Correct Answer: Correlation is simply an association. It is not the same as causality.
The correlation between people who have an umbrella open and rain is very high, but opening
your umbrella does not cause it to rain.
Three types of correlations Correct Answer: Go from negative 1 to 0 to positive 1. Zero means
no correlation while positive 1 and negative 1 are perfect correlations. A negative .5 is not higher
than a correlation of -.5 In fact, a correlation of -.8 is stronger than a correlation of .5.
A positive correlation: when x goes up, y goes up. For example, when you study more, your
GPA goes up.
A negative correlation: when x goes up y goes down. For example, the more you brush your
teeth, the less you will be plagued by cavities.
Quantitative research Correct Answer: when one quanitifes or measures things. It yields
numbers.
Qualitative research Correct Answer: When does research does not use numberical data
Bubbles Correct Answer: When research has flaws
What is a true experiment? Correct Answer: Two or more groups are udes.
What is random sampling? Correct Answer: People are picked randomly and placed in groups
using random assignment.
Systematic sampling Correct Answer: where every nth person is chosen can also be used
howere, researchers stillprefer random sampling and random assignment
What is quasi-experimental research? Correct Answer: When the groups are not picked at
random or the researcher cannot control the IV then it is a quasi rather than a true experiment.
quasi-experimental research does not ensure causality.
What is the independent variable Correct Answer: The experimental group gets the IV and it is
known as the experimental variable.
what is the DV or dependent variable? Correct Answer: the outcome data in the study is called
the DV. If we want to see if eating carrots raises one's IQ then eating carrots is the IV while the
IQ scores at the end of the study would be the DV.
Type I alpha error Correct Answer: When a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true.
,Type II beta error Correct Answer: When a research accepts null when it should have been
rejected.
What is significance levels in social science? Correct Answer: .05 or less (.01 to .001) The
signifcance level gives you the probability of a type 1 error.
N=1 Correct Answer: a single subject design or case study and thus does not rely on IV, DV,
control group, ect. Case studies are becoming more popular.
Demand characteristics Correct Answer: evident when subjects in a study have cues regarding
what the researcher deires or does not desire that influence their behavior. This can counfound an
experiment rendering the research inaccurate.
An obtrustive or a reactive measure Correct Answer: if subjects know they are being observed.
Observers' presence can influence subject's behavior rather than merely the experimental variable
or treatment modality.
Unobtrusive measure Correct Answer: When subjects are not aware that they are being
measured.
Internal vailidty Correct Answer: when an experimental has few flaws and thus findings are
accurate. The IV caused the changes in the DV, not some other factor (known as confounding
extraneous variables or artifacts). When internal vaility is low the researcher didn't measure what
he thought he measured.
External validity Correct Answer: it is high when the results in a study can be generalized to
other settings.
A t test Correct Answer: a popular parametric test for comparing two means.
ANOVA or analysis of variance Correct Answer: Also called a one-way ANOVA. used when
you have two or means to compare. The t test and the ANOVA are parametric measures for
normally distributed populations. The ANOVA provides F values and the F test will tell you if
significant differences are present.
MANOVA Correct Answer: Used when you are investigating more than one DV>
A factorail analysis of variance Correct Answer: When you are investigating more than one
IV/experimental variable (if you have two IVs it would be called a two-way ANOVA three IVs a
three way ANOVA.)
Chi square Correct Answer: if the population is not necessarily normal then this nonparametric
test is used. or a Kruskal-wallace can be used.
, Ex post facto or causal comparative design Correct Answer: if the researcher did not manipulate
the variable and you are looing at after the fact data, the the research is not a true experiment.
Descriptive statistics Correct Answer: statistics that describe central tendency like the mean,
median, the mode, the range, quartiles, the variance and the standard deviation.
Statistical analyses Correct Answer: include correlation, coefficients, t tests, ANOVAs, Analusis
of Covariance, Chi square, Krushal Wallis
Cohort studies Correct Answer: examine a group of people who have something in common
Longitudinal research Correct Answer: tkaes place when the same individuals are evaluated
over a period of time.
Cross-sectional research Correct Answer: Relies on observation or data from a given point in
time.
Formative evaluation Correct Answer: takes place during treatmetn or while a program is going
on while summative or outcomes evaluations occurs at the end of a program or treatment (e.g.
after the final session of counseling)
Between groups design Correct Answer: Uses different subjects in the different groups (e.g. one
group of subjects for the control group and another group of subjects for the experimental group)
Within groups repeated measures design Correct Answer: uses the same subjects for the control
condition and then at a different time for the IV/experimental conditions.
Scope of practice Correct Answer: implies that you only practice if you are adequately trained in
a given area or with a given population.
A counselor's duty to warn Correct Answer: Based on the Tarasoff case. This principle now
states that if a client is going to harm him or herself, somebody else, or both, you will break
confidenctiality and contact the appropriate people (the police, the target person) to ward off this
tragedy.
Dual Relationship Correct Answer: Could also be called multiple relationships on the exam.
This concept implues that you are a person's helper but you also have another significant
relationship with that person (maybe you are dating them or perhaps they are a relative or
business partner) Such relationships get in the way of objectivity and should be avoided
whenever possible unless the relationship is beneficial to the client.
Priiviledged communications Correct Answer: Set by the state, law priviledged communication
asserts that you cannot reveal what a client said in session in court unless the client allows you to
do so. There are exceptions to this such as child abuse, suicide, homicide, and supervisory
sessions or if a lawsuit is filed against you. You should never release information about the client
outside of court (unless it is the exceptions just mentioned) unless the client signs a release of
