BIOS 195 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (100% correct solutions)

BIOS Midterm (TCO1) The level of organization in which different multiple types of tissues join together is called the Answer: System Level (TCO1) The process by which unspecialized cells become s pecialized cells is called Answer: differentiation. (TCO1) In a negative feedback control system, the response of the effector to a stimulus Answer: reverses the original stimulus (TCO1) Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system in the human body? Answer: Lactation (TCO1) Baroreceptors in the feedback system that control blood pressure sense changes in Answer: the force of blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels. (TCO2) is an example of an element. Answer: Carbon (TCO2) All atoms of an element have the same number of . Answer: protons (TCO2) Isotopes of an element have the same number of and different numbers of . Answer: protons; neutrons (TCO2) The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of electron(s). Answer:2 (TCO2) The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) bond. Answer: Ionic (TCO3) Endocytosis is an example of Answer: active transport. (TCO3) Which of the following is necessary for simple diffusion to take place? Answer: A concentration gradient (TCO3) Chromatin is found in the Answer: Nucleus (TCO3) Which of the following organelles are commonly referred to as the powerhouses of a cell? Answer: Mitochondria (TCO3) The human somatic cells contain chromosomes. Answer: 46 (TCO3) The protein synthesis process called translation requires Answer: ribosomes. (TCO4) Which of the following is NOT an enzyme used to digest carbohydrates? Answer: Enterokinase (TCO4) Which of the following organs is NOT an accessory structure of the digestive system? Answer: Spleen (TCO4) The projection hanging from the posterior surface of the soft palate that helps prevent food and fluid from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing is the Answer: Uvula (TCO4) Teeth are primarily composed of a bonelike substance called Answer: dentin. (TCO4) The major events of chemical digestion and absorption of foods occur in the Answer: small intestine. (TCO4) The digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the Answer: stomach. (TCO4) Which of the following structures has millions of fingerlike projections called villi lining the inner mucosal lining? Answer: Small intestine (TCO4) A vitamin produced by symbiotic bacteria in our large intestine is vitamin . Answer: K (TCO4) Chemical reactions in which simple substances are combined into more complex substances, usually with the addition of energy, are collectively called Answer: anabolism. (TCO4) Which of the following is NOT a common product of the Krebs cycle? Answer: Lactic acid (TCO4) Glycogen breakdown occurs when Answer: both blood levels of glucose drop and glucagon is released. (TCO4) Excess carbohydrates in the diet are converted into Answer: triglycerides. (fats) (TCO5) Which of the following types of tissues is often ciliated? Answer: Columnar epithelium (TCO5) Cartilage is classified as a(n) Answer: connective tissue. (TCO5) Which type of muscle is branched and fastened to adjacent muscle cells with intercalated discs? Answer: Cardiac (TCO5) Which of the following types of tissue contains neuroglia cells? Answer: Nervous tissue (TCO5) Blood is classified as a(n) Answer: liquid connective tissue. (TCO6) All of the following are normal functions of the skin except Answer: vitamin B synthesis. (TCO6) The only layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells capable of continued cell division is the Answer: stratum basale (TCO6) Exocrine glands that secrete oil directly onto hair follicles are called Answer: sebaceous glands. (TCO6) The cuticle of the nail consists of Answer: stratum corneum. (TCO6) A burn that penetrates the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is a Answer: second-degree burn. (TCO5) Which of the following are NOT long bones? Answer: Bones of the ribcage (TCO5) The shaft of a long bone is called the Answer: diaphysis. (TCO5) Osteogenic cells Answer: develop into osteoblasts. (TCO5) The adult human skeleton typically consists of Answer: 206 bones. (TCO5) The anatomical term for shinbone is Answer: tibia. (TCO2) Which of the following is a common second messenger used in signaling pathways active by water-soluble hormones? Answer: cAMP (TCO2) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are secreted from the Answer: posterior pituitary gland. (TCO2) Calcitonin is a hormone released by the parafollicular cells of the Answer: thyroid gland. (TCO2) Which of the following hormones is or are responsible for the fight-or-flight response? Answer: Both epinephrine and norepinephrine (TCO2) The cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin are called Answer: beta cells. (TCO2) Cushing's syndrome is due to hypersecretion of Answer: glucocorticoids. (TCO2) Which of the following pituitary hormones controls adrenal cortex activities? Answer: ACTH (TCO2) Sally is 10 years old and has just been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Her grandmother (who is 65 years old) has also been diagnosed with diabetes. Sally is having a hard time understanding why she needs injections whereas her grandmother is able to control her diabetes with just diet and oral medication. Explain to Sally why their treatments are different based upon cellular and glandular differences in their two conditions. Answer: Sally has Type I diabetes that is due to an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas. The beta cells secrete insulin, which is needed for entry of glucose into most body cells. Because of this, Sally's body uses fatty acids that lead to the production of ketone bodies that leads to a drop in blood pH (ketoacidosis) that can cause death. In contrast, her grandmother has Type II diabetes that is usually due to excess weight. Her pancreas is intact and probably still secretes insulin but her body cells are less sensitive to the insulin. For the most part, this form is controlled with diet and occasional medications (Diabeta) to stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas. Show Less