BIOS-255 Week 2 Assignment: The Cardiovascular System: Heart (graded)

BIOS255 Week 2 Cardiovascular System: Heart Learning outcomes: 1. Identify the chambers of the heart. 2. Identify the location and function of valves within the heart. 3. Describe the flow of blood through the heart. 4. Define stroke volume and cardiac output. 5. Understand how the cardiovascular system responds to exercise. 6. Understand how cardiac output and blood pressure can be measured. Introduction: The heart is a strong muscular pump with two complementary sets of arteries: one for the systemic and one for pulmonary circulation. The pumping of the heart is essential in the delivery of oxygen to the millions of cells of the body and in the removal of their waste products. The heart pushes deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood around the entire body. It must continually beat to sustain life and so its muscular walls are made of specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry their own intrinsic contractile rhythm. All cells within the body must be supplied with enough oxygenated blood each minute to meet their cellular metabolic demands. During exercise and processes such as tissue repair, cells are metabolically active and require more oxygen from the blood, thus increasing the workload of the heart. At rest, the metabolic demands of cells are less and therefore the heart doesn't need to work as hard to supply them with the oxygen they require. The body must adapt to these changing requirements. Cardiac output is a measure of the flow of blood. We will examine the variables that make up the cardiac output, learn how to measure these variables, and then put some experiment subjects to work to see how exercise alters cardiovascular function. Let’s head to the cardiac exercise lab! Assignment: Part 1: Complete the Anatomy.TV activities for Cardiovascular System: Heart and Cardiac output sections to prepare you for the Labster Virtual Cardiovascular function during exercise simulation. To access Anatomy.TV: Resources tabLibraryLibrary Resources-Database A- ZAnatomy.TVTitles(default tab): Choose assigned systemchoose assigned sections You will then work through the material and activities by scrolling down on the right. This will allow you to see and work through all activities for that section. Part 2: Complete the Lab report. Heart Lab report 1. Purpose: Please state the purpose of the lab. This lab aimed to help understand how the respiratory and cardiovascular system responds during exercise, how cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (B/P) can be measured, and how heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), CO, and total peripheral resistance change with movement. 2. Procedure: Briefly discuss the procedure for this lab and experiment. Evaluate data to assess potential cardiovascular problems during exercise. What measurements did you obtain from the test subjects? The measurements obtained from the test subjects were the systolic and diastolic blood pressure by utilizing a sphygmomanometer. The Doppler ultrasound machine also recorded the heart rate, SV, and CO from resting to 125 watts of exercise. 3. Data and Details: HR at rest HR max exercise SV at rest SV max exercise CO at rest CO max exercise Subject A 60 150 /12 5 watt s 70 120 /12 5 watt s 4.2 18. 0/1 25 watt s Subject E 80 200 /75 watt s 40 35/ 75 watt s 3.2 7.0/ 75 watt s 4. Questions: a. Describe the flow of blood, in order, starting at the superior vena cava, through the heart, to the lungs. Continue with the flow of blood from the lungs to and through the heart to the aorta. Include the 4 chambers of the heart, the 4 valves, and the major blood vessels entering or leaving the heart. Superior vena cava -right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle-pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- lungs- left atrium-mitral valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta- rest of the body. b. Define stroke volume in words. Blood ejected each contraction from the ventricle. c. Define cardiac output in words and with the equation. Blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. CO=SV x HR d. How does an increase in heart rate affect cardiac output (assuming no change in stroke volume)? An increase in heart rate increases the cardiac output. 5. Discussion: a. Compare the change in heart rate and stroke volume and cardiac output with exercise between Subject A and Subject E. What does this suggest regarding the health of the heart of Subject E? Unlike subject A, subject E was not able to complete the exercises. Subject A is also healthier per the data. Subject E low SV and CO shows regurgitation, which is an indication of a failing aortic valve. E heart must work harder to contract, which raises the systolic pressure. Because the blood needs to eject quickly through the aorta, the diastolic pressure diminished. b. Briefly mention any difficulties with the lab and/or information you wish was present in the lab. No difficulties, everything went smooth. 6. Reflection: Reflect on at least 2 key concepts you have learned from this lab. 1. How to interpret the measurements of healthy cardiac variables: • HR 60-70 bpm • SV is around 70 ml/beat • CO 5L/min 2. Obtained knowledge on how the doppler effect changes in frequency or wavelength of a wave as the source and the observer moves towards, or away from, each other. An example is an ambulance with their siren on approaching and leaving a pedestrian. Grading Rubric for Lab Report Activity Deliverable Points Part 1 Complete lab activities/simulation 10 Part 2 Complete lab report and answer questions • Purpose (2 points) • Procedure (2 points) • Data and Details (5 points) • Questions (4 points) • Discussion (2 points) 20 • Reflection (5 points) Total Complete all lab activities 30 Abbreviations: HR=heart rate SV=stroke volume CO=cardiac output