2022 CCI REVIEW HINTS| 324 QUESTIONS| WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? Correct Answer: Mitral Valve
Know where the epicardial fat pad is at. Correct Answer: The white area above the mitral and
pulmonic area
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the parasternal long axis view? Correct Answer: Right
leaflet (the posterior leaflet is the noncoronary)
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most likely to get accurate
velocity measurements? Correct Answer: Pulmonary artery
Name the tricuspid leaflets Correct Answer: posterior and anterior and septal or medial
Which view is the only standard view that you can see the posterior TV leaflet. Correct Answer:
RVIT
In the parasternal short axis view (PSAX), which tricuspid leaflets are seen Correct Answer:
Anterior and medial or septal
Where is the LAA on TTE? Correct Answer: Sometimes in the parasternal SAX Ao Valve level
(better seen in the apical 2ch)
The coronary arteries come off the? Correct Answer: Sinuses of Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? Correct Answer: Early diastole
What is the structure under the arch? Correct Answer: right pulmonary artery
Name the vessels coming off the arch and most proximal or distal. Correct Answer: Innominate,
left carotid and left subclavian
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valve? Correct Answer: Coarctation
of the aorta
Where do most aortic coarctations occur? Correct Answer: After the take-off of the left
subclavian artery, or within the aortic isthmus.
Where are the pulmonary veins located? Which ones are seen in this view. Correct Answer:
right and left superior (upper) pulmonary veins.
Which other view would give you the same information as the parasternal LAX? Correct
Answer: apical LAX (long-axis or 3ch)
,Which standard 2D TTE view typically allows viewing of the LAA? Correct Answer: apical 2
chamber
Where is the coronary sinus located? Correct Answer: posterior AV groove (under MV above
DTA)
To visualize the coronary sinus in the apical 4 chamber view you should tilt the transducer:
Correct Answer: Posterior
Where is the chiari network (system) located? Correct Answer: right atrium
What portion of the pulmonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial systole? Correct Answer: a
wave
What frequency are usually used for TTE and TEE? Correct Answer: TTE: 2-7 MHz
TEE: 5-7MHz
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? Correct Answer: 40-50C or the highest
temperature out of the multiple choices
What are the degrees for TEE positions?
4ch:
Mitral Comm:
2cha:
LAX:
AoV SAX: Correct Answer: 4ch: 0 degrees
Mitral Comm: 180 degrees
2ch: 90 degrees
LAX: 120 degrees
AoV SAX: 70 degrees
Why is the SA node the primary pacemaker? Correct Answer: The SA node has the highest
intrinsic rate of any cardiac tissue
SA node= 60-70/minute
AV node=50/minute
myocardium=30/minute
The wave of contraction (depolarization) moves from the endocardium to the epicardium.
Correct Answer: Inside to outside
Look at the purkinje fibers.
What is absolute refractory state? Correct Answer: That period when a muscle cell is not
excitable- from phase I until into phase 3 the "relative refractory period" is during phase 3 and
the muscle cell might contract if the stimulus is strong.
, What does the P wave represent? Correct Answer: Atrial systole
What does the P-R interval represent? Correct Answer: -Includes P-R segment (from atrial to
ventricular depolarization)
What does the QRS complex represent? Correct Answer: ventricular systole (depolarization)
What does the T wave represent? Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole (repolarization)
What is a normal duration for the QRS complex? Correct Answer: 0.10 sec.
On a EKG pattern:
1 small box=
1 big box=
5 big boxes= Correct Answer: 0.4 sec
0.2 sec
1 sec
Frank Starling Law- (Length-Tension Relationship)
-Increased volume (preload)=
-Increased myocardial fiber length= Correct Answer: -Increased contractility
-Increased tension
Acute AI is _____ because we shift up the Starling curve. Correct Answer: hyper-contractile bc
thats the response to the volume overload.
Chronic AI is _____ when we drop off the end. Correct Answer: failure
Does a PDA increase LV preload? Correct Answer: Yes-when the shunt is L-R
What happens during preload? Correct Answer: Dilatation
What happens during after load? Correct Answer: hypertrophy
Which study does not allow for the calculation of ejection fraction? Correct Answer: Chest x-
ray
Calculate CO: Correct Answer: CO=HR x SV
normal is 4-8 L/min depending on BSA
What is the normal EF: Correct Answer: >55%
SV/EDV x 100
What is the Bernoulli equation? Correct Answer: 4V^2
With a velocity of 0.5m/sec what is the gradient? Correct Answer: 1mmHg
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? Correct Answer: Mitral Valve
Know where the epicardial fat pad is at. Correct Answer: The white area above the mitral and
pulmonic area
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the parasternal long axis view? Correct Answer: Right
leaflet (the posterior leaflet is the noncoronary)
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most likely to get accurate
velocity measurements? Correct Answer: Pulmonary artery
Name the tricuspid leaflets Correct Answer: posterior and anterior and septal or medial
Which view is the only standard view that you can see the posterior TV leaflet. Correct Answer:
RVIT
In the parasternal short axis view (PSAX), which tricuspid leaflets are seen Correct Answer:
Anterior and medial or septal
Where is the LAA on TTE? Correct Answer: Sometimes in the parasternal SAX Ao Valve level
(better seen in the apical 2ch)
The coronary arteries come off the? Correct Answer: Sinuses of Valsalva
During which phase do the coronaries fill? Correct Answer: Early diastole
What is the structure under the arch? Correct Answer: right pulmonary artery
Name the vessels coming off the arch and most proximal or distal. Correct Answer: Innominate,
left carotid and left subclavian
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valve? Correct Answer: Coarctation
of the aorta
Where do most aortic coarctations occur? Correct Answer: After the take-off of the left
subclavian artery, or within the aortic isthmus.
Where are the pulmonary veins located? Which ones are seen in this view. Correct Answer:
right and left superior (upper) pulmonary veins.
Which other view would give you the same information as the parasternal LAX? Correct
Answer: apical LAX (long-axis or 3ch)
,Which standard 2D TTE view typically allows viewing of the LAA? Correct Answer: apical 2
chamber
Where is the coronary sinus located? Correct Answer: posterior AV groove (under MV above
DTA)
To visualize the coronary sinus in the apical 4 chamber view you should tilt the transducer:
Correct Answer: Posterior
Where is the chiari network (system) located? Correct Answer: right atrium
What portion of the pulmonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial systole? Correct Answer: a
wave
What frequency are usually used for TTE and TEE? Correct Answer: TTE: 2-7 MHz
TEE: 5-7MHz
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? Correct Answer: 40-50C or the highest
temperature out of the multiple choices
What are the degrees for TEE positions?
4ch:
Mitral Comm:
2cha:
LAX:
AoV SAX: Correct Answer: 4ch: 0 degrees
Mitral Comm: 180 degrees
2ch: 90 degrees
LAX: 120 degrees
AoV SAX: 70 degrees
Why is the SA node the primary pacemaker? Correct Answer: The SA node has the highest
intrinsic rate of any cardiac tissue
SA node= 60-70/minute
AV node=50/minute
myocardium=30/minute
The wave of contraction (depolarization) moves from the endocardium to the epicardium.
Correct Answer: Inside to outside
Look at the purkinje fibers.
What is absolute refractory state? Correct Answer: That period when a muscle cell is not
excitable- from phase I until into phase 3 the "relative refractory period" is during phase 3 and
the muscle cell might contract if the stimulus is strong.
, What does the P wave represent? Correct Answer: Atrial systole
What does the P-R interval represent? Correct Answer: -Includes P-R segment (from atrial to
ventricular depolarization)
What does the QRS complex represent? Correct Answer: ventricular systole (depolarization)
What does the T wave represent? Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole (repolarization)
What is a normal duration for the QRS complex? Correct Answer: 0.10 sec.
On a EKG pattern:
1 small box=
1 big box=
5 big boxes= Correct Answer: 0.4 sec
0.2 sec
1 sec
Frank Starling Law- (Length-Tension Relationship)
-Increased volume (preload)=
-Increased myocardial fiber length= Correct Answer: -Increased contractility
-Increased tension
Acute AI is _____ because we shift up the Starling curve. Correct Answer: hyper-contractile bc
thats the response to the volume overload.
Chronic AI is _____ when we drop off the end. Correct Answer: failure
Does a PDA increase LV preload? Correct Answer: Yes-when the shunt is L-R
What happens during preload? Correct Answer: Dilatation
What happens during after load? Correct Answer: hypertrophy
Which study does not allow for the calculation of ejection fraction? Correct Answer: Chest x-
ray
Calculate CO: Correct Answer: CO=HR x SV
normal is 4-8 L/min depending on BSA
What is the normal EF: Correct Answer: >55%
SV/EDV x 100
What is the Bernoulli equation? Correct Answer: 4V^2
With a velocity of 0.5m/sec what is the gradient? Correct Answer: 1mmHg
