AP Bio Chapter 10 Questions And Answers
Mitochondria and chloroplasts and do both... - Answer - Cellular respiration and
photosynthesis.
Use both chemical symbols and words to write out the formula for photosynthesis (use
the one that indicates only the net consumption of water). The formula is the opposite of
cellular respiration. You should know both formulas from memory. - Answer - 6 CO2 + 6
H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Using 18 O as the basis of your discussion, explain how we know that the oxygen
released in photosynthesis comes from water. - Answer - Scientists confirmed van Niel's
hypothesis that oxygen released from photosynthesis comes from
water with the use of 18O, a heavy isotope, as a tracer to follow the fate of oxygen
atoms during
photosynthesis. The experiments showed that the O2 from plants was labeled with 18O
only if water
was the source of the tracer. If the 18O was introduced to the plant in the form of CO2,
the label did not turn up in the released O2.
Explain what occurs in the light reactions stage of photosynthesis. Be sure to use
NADP+ and photophosphorylation in your discussion. - Answer - The light reactions are
the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Water is split, providing a source of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions, H+) and
giving off O2 as a
by-product. Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and
hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate), where they are
temporarily stored. The light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by
adding a pair of electrons along with an H+. The light reactions also generate ATP,
using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process
called photophosphorylation.
Explain the Calvin cycle, utilizing the term carbon fixation in your discussion. - Answer -
The cycle begins by incorporating CO2 from the air into organic molecules already
present in the
chloroplast. This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as
carbon fixation.
The Calvin cycle then reduces the fixed carbon to carbohydrate by the addition of
electrons. The
reducing power is provided by NADPH, which acquired its cargo of electrons in the light
reactions. To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, the Calvin cycle also requires chemical
energy in the form of ATP, which is also generated by the light reactions.
, Some of the types of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum will be familiar, such as X-
rays, microwaves, and radio waves. The most important part of the spectrum in
photosynthesis is visible light. What are the colors of the visible spectrum? - Answer -
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
Notice the colors and corresponding wavelengths and then explain the relationship
between wavelength and energy. - Answer - Light is a form of energy known as
electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic energy travels in rhythmic waves analogous to those created by
dropping a pebble
into a pond. Electromagnetic waves, however, are disturbances of electric and
magnetic fields
rather than disturbances of a material medium such as water. The distance between
the crests of
electromagnetic wave sis called the wavelength.
Read Figure 10.9 carefully; then explain the correlation between an absorbtion spectra
and an action spectrum. - Answer - - Absorption spectrum is the range of a pigment's
ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a
graph of such a range.
- Action spectrum is a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths of
radiation in driving a particular process.
Describe how Englemann was able to form an action spectrum long before the invention
of a spectrophotometer. - Answer - In 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a
filamentous alga with light that had been passed
through a prism, exposing different segments of the alga to different wavelengths. He
used aerobic
bacteria, which concentrate near an oxygen source, to determine which segments of the
alga were releasing the most O2 and thus photosynthesizing most. Bacteria
congregated in greatest numbers around the parts of the alga illuminated with violet-
blue or red light.
A photosystem is composed of a protein complex called a ___________-__________
complex surrounded by several __________-____________ complexes. - Answer -
Reaction center; light-harvesting
Reaction center complex - Answer - This complex of proteins associated with a special
pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a
photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light
energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an
electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron
transport chain.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts and do both... - Answer - Cellular respiration and
photosynthesis.
Use both chemical symbols and words to write out the formula for photosynthesis (use
the one that indicates only the net consumption of water). The formula is the opposite of
cellular respiration. You should know both formulas from memory. - Answer - 6 CO2 + 6
H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Using 18 O as the basis of your discussion, explain how we know that the oxygen
released in photosynthesis comes from water. - Answer - Scientists confirmed van Niel's
hypothesis that oxygen released from photosynthesis comes from
water with the use of 18O, a heavy isotope, as a tracer to follow the fate of oxygen
atoms during
photosynthesis. The experiments showed that the O2 from plants was labeled with 18O
only if water
was the source of the tracer. If the 18O was introduced to the plant in the form of CO2,
the label did not turn up in the released O2.
Explain what occurs in the light reactions stage of photosynthesis. Be sure to use
NADP+ and photophosphorylation in your discussion. - Answer - The light reactions are
the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Water is split, providing a source of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions, H+) and
giving off O2 as a
by-product. Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and
hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate), where they are
temporarily stored. The light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by
adding a pair of electrons along with an H+. The light reactions also generate ATP,
using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process
called photophosphorylation.
Explain the Calvin cycle, utilizing the term carbon fixation in your discussion. - Answer -
The cycle begins by incorporating CO2 from the air into organic molecules already
present in the
chloroplast. This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as
carbon fixation.
The Calvin cycle then reduces the fixed carbon to carbohydrate by the addition of
electrons. The
reducing power is provided by NADPH, which acquired its cargo of electrons in the light
reactions. To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, the Calvin cycle also requires chemical
energy in the form of ATP, which is also generated by the light reactions.
, Some of the types of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum will be familiar, such as X-
rays, microwaves, and radio waves. The most important part of the spectrum in
photosynthesis is visible light. What are the colors of the visible spectrum? - Answer -
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
Notice the colors and corresponding wavelengths and then explain the relationship
between wavelength and energy. - Answer - Light is a form of energy known as
electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic energy travels in rhythmic waves analogous to those created by
dropping a pebble
into a pond. Electromagnetic waves, however, are disturbances of electric and
magnetic fields
rather than disturbances of a material medium such as water. The distance between
the crests of
electromagnetic wave sis called the wavelength.
Read Figure 10.9 carefully; then explain the correlation between an absorbtion spectra
and an action spectrum. - Answer - - Absorption spectrum is the range of a pigment's
ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a
graph of such a range.
- Action spectrum is a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths of
radiation in driving a particular process.
Describe how Englemann was able to form an action spectrum long before the invention
of a spectrophotometer. - Answer - In 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a
filamentous alga with light that had been passed
through a prism, exposing different segments of the alga to different wavelengths. He
used aerobic
bacteria, which concentrate near an oxygen source, to determine which segments of the
alga were releasing the most O2 and thus photosynthesizing most. Bacteria
congregated in greatest numbers around the parts of the alga illuminated with violet-
blue or red light.
A photosystem is composed of a protein complex called a ___________-__________
complex surrounded by several __________-____________ complexes. - Answer -
Reaction center; light-harvesting
Reaction center complex - Answer - This complex of proteins associated with a special
pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a
photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light
energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an
electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron
transport chain.
