LQB182 FINAL| QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What are the bonds that hold elements together? From strongest to weakest. Correct Answer: -
Covalent bond
- Ionic Bond
- Hydrogen Bond
- Van Der Waal's forces
What is one of the main functions of Cysteine as an amino acid? Correct Answer: Formation of
Di-sulphide bridges
What are the 4 levels of Protein structure? Give explanation/examples of each. Correct Answer:
1. Primary
- Simply the unique sequence of amino acids making up the single, linear chain of a polypeptide
2. Secondary
- The coiling or folding of a polypeptide into repeating configurations (Eg. the alpha helix and
the Beta pleated sheet.
3. Tertiary
- The "overall" shape of the polypeptide with further linking of R groups and Van der Waal's
forces to end up looking like a fu cking bean.
4. Quaternary
- A protein structure built from 2 or more polypeptides coming together (Eg. Haemoglobin)
What are the seven functions of proteins? Correct Answer: 1. Structure
2. Storage
3. Transport
4. Movemement
5. Communication
6. Enzymatic Action
7. Toxins
What role does cholesterol play in the phospholipid bilayer? Correct Answer: - Gives cell
membrane strength and stability
- Allows protein to be fluid & permeable at low temps
- Can become lipid rafts for proteins
Name all of the organelles in the lecture Correct Answer: The nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth & Rough)
Golgi Apparatus
,Mitochondria
Lyosomes
Peroxisomes
Flagellum
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
What are the 6 major functions of the MEMBRANE Proteins? Correct Answer: - Transport
- Enzymatic Action
- Signal Transduction
- Attachment to the ECM and Cytoskeleton
- Cell-Cell joining
- Cell-Cell recognition
Describe membrane transport proteins Correct Answer: Carriers, channels and pumps which
allow hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane
Describe Channel proteins Correct Answer: Open 'corridors' which allow specific molecules
through
Describe Carrier proteins Correct Answer: Change conformational shape to allow specific
molecules to pass passively through the membrane by diffusion.
What are the 3 carrier transport membrane proteins? Correct Answer: Uniport - allow only one
substance through
Symport - Allows two substances through simultaneously
Antiport - allow one substance in and the other out simultaneously
What are active transport proteins Correct Answer: Move substances AGAINST their
concentration gradient. Requires ATP.
What are co-transport membrane proteins? Correct Answer: Active transport of one substance
indirectly drives the active transport of another substance.
What are the 3 main parts of the cytoskeleton? List in order of thickest to thinnest. Correct
Answer: Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
What are the 5 functions of the cytoskeleton? Correct Answer: 1. Maintain cell shape
2. Protect the cell
3. Enable cellular movement
4. Play a role in intracellular transport
5. Play a role in cell division
What do actin microfilaments do? Correct Answer: Essential to Cytokinesis in mitosis.
, Contract or lengthen to gives the cells flexibility and the ability to move.
What do intermediate filaments with vimentin monomers do? Correct Answer: Forms sheets
which holds organelles in place within the cell. Especially the ER and Golgi apparatus.
What are Microtubules and what do they do? Correct Answer: Hollow tubes - Form flagella and
Cilia
Directs chromosomes to either end of the cell during mitosis
Transport 'track' for vesicles to move around the cell
How are microtubules formed? Correct Answer: Comprised of Alpha Tubulin and Beta Tubulin
aranged in a hollow double helix tube.
The tube is 13 protofilaments around.
What is a Centrosome? What does it do? Correct Answer: Centrosome is the organising center
for microtubules. made up of 2 Centrioles at right angles to one another.
What are Kinesins? Correct Answer: Motor proteins which carry vesicles and organelles
towards the PLUS end of the microtubules AWAY from the centrosome.
What are Dyneins Correct Answer: Motor proteins which carry vesicles towards the MINUS
end of the microtubules TOWARDS the centrosome
Cilia and flagella dyneins cause the beating movements of these organelles.
What are the key differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote Flagella? Correct Answer:
Eukaryote flagella are covered in the actual plasma membrane of the cell and are part of the cell
Prokaryote flagella are separate from the cell.
which bases are pyrimidines and which are purines? Correct Answer: Pyrimidines: Cytosine,
Thymine & Uracil
Purines: Guanine, Adenine
List some differences between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Correct Answer:
Eukaryotic:
- Large Genome
- Linear DNA
- DNA inside nucleus
- Histones
- Compartmentalised Transcription & translation
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What are the bonds that hold elements together? From strongest to weakest. Correct Answer: -
Covalent bond
- Ionic Bond
- Hydrogen Bond
- Van Der Waal's forces
What is one of the main functions of Cysteine as an amino acid? Correct Answer: Formation of
Di-sulphide bridges
What are the 4 levels of Protein structure? Give explanation/examples of each. Correct Answer:
1. Primary
- Simply the unique sequence of amino acids making up the single, linear chain of a polypeptide
2. Secondary
- The coiling or folding of a polypeptide into repeating configurations (Eg. the alpha helix and
the Beta pleated sheet.
3. Tertiary
- The "overall" shape of the polypeptide with further linking of R groups and Van der Waal's
forces to end up looking like a fu cking bean.
4. Quaternary
- A protein structure built from 2 or more polypeptides coming together (Eg. Haemoglobin)
What are the seven functions of proteins? Correct Answer: 1. Structure
2. Storage
3. Transport
4. Movemement
5. Communication
6. Enzymatic Action
7. Toxins
What role does cholesterol play in the phospholipid bilayer? Correct Answer: - Gives cell
membrane strength and stability
- Allows protein to be fluid & permeable at low temps
- Can become lipid rafts for proteins
Name all of the organelles in the lecture Correct Answer: The nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth & Rough)
Golgi Apparatus
,Mitochondria
Lyosomes
Peroxisomes
Flagellum
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome
What are the 6 major functions of the MEMBRANE Proteins? Correct Answer: - Transport
- Enzymatic Action
- Signal Transduction
- Attachment to the ECM and Cytoskeleton
- Cell-Cell joining
- Cell-Cell recognition
Describe membrane transport proteins Correct Answer: Carriers, channels and pumps which
allow hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane
Describe Channel proteins Correct Answer: Open 'corridors' which allow specific molecules
through
Describe Carrier proteins Correct Answer: Change conformational shape to allow specific
molecules to pass passively through the membrane by diffusion.
What are the 3 carrier transport membrane proteins? Correct Answer: Uniport - allow only one
substance through
Symport - Allows two substances through simultaneously
Antiport - allow one substance in and the other out simultaneously
What are active transport proteins Correct Answer: Move substances AGAINST their
concentration gradient. Requires ATP.
What are co-transport membrane proteins? Correct Answer: Active transport of one substance
indirectly drives the active transport of another substance.
What are the 3 main parts of the cytoskeleton? List in order of thickest to thinnest. Correct
Answer: Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
What are the 5 functions of the cytoskeleton? Correct Answer: 1. Maintain cell shape
2. Protect the cell
3. Enable cellular movement
4. Play a role in intracellular transport
5. Play a role in cell division
What do actin microfilaments do? Correct Answer: Essential to Cytokinesis in mitosis.
, Contract or lengthen to gives the cells flexibility and the ability to move.
What do intermediate filaments with vimentin monomers do? Correct Answer: Forms sheets
which holds organelles in place within the cell. Especially the ER and Golgi apparatus.
What are Microtubules and what do they do? Correct Answer: Hollow tubes - Form flagella and
Cilia
Directs chromosomes to either end of the cell during mitosis
Transport 'track' for vesicles to move around the cell
How are microtubules formed? Correct Answer: Comprised of Alpha Tubulin and Beta Tubulin
aranged in a hollow double helix tube.
The tube is 13 protofilaments around.
What is a Centrosome? What does it do? Correct Answer: Centrosome is the organising center
for microtubules. made up of 2 Centrioles at right angles to one another.
What are Kinesins? Correct Answer: Motor proteins which carry vesicles and organelles
towards the PLUS end of the microtubules AWAY from the centrosome.
What are Dyneins Correct Answer: Motor proteins which carry vesicles towards the MINUS
end of the microtubules TOWARDS the centrosome
Cilia and flagella dyneins cause the beating movements of these organelles.
What are the key differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote Flagella? Correct Answer:
Eukaryote flagella are covered in the actual plasma membrane of the cell and are part of the cell
Prokaryote flagella are separate from the cell.
which bases are pyrimidines and which are purines? Correct Answer: Pyrimidines: Cytosine,
Thymine & Uracil
Purines: Guanine, Adenine
List some differences between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Correct Answer:
Eukaryotic:
- Large Genome
- Linear DNA
- DNA inside nucleus
- Histones
- Compartmentalised Transcription & translation
