LQB186 EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Atom Correct Answer: Smaller unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element
Isotopes Correct Answer: Elements with the same number of protons and electrons but different
numbers of neutrons
Strong bonds Correct Answer: Covalent and ionic
Organic compounds Correct Answer: Almost all organic compounds contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen
Inorganics Correct Answer: Salt, metals, single elements and any other compound that doesn't
have C-H
Macromolecules Correct Answer: Organic molecules with a molecular weight >1000
R groups Correct Answer: groups that give different amino acids different protein
Non-polar amino acids Correct Answer: Hydrophobic = water insoluble
Methionine Correct Answer: Starts the sequence
Polar amino acids Correct Answer: Hydrophilic = water soluble
Neutral (uncharged)
negatively charged amino acids Correct Answer: acidic
positively charged amino acids Correct Answer: Basic
Cysteine Correct Answer: Important for folding of the protein
Proline Correct Answer: Stable at high temperature
Primary Correct Answer: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary Correct Answer: The folding or cooking of the polypeptide into a repeating
configuration
Tertiary Correct Answer: Overall 3D shape of a polypeptide that results from further interaction
between R groups of the amino acids
Quaternary Correct Answer: Overall protein structure that results from the interaction of two or
more polypeptide subunits
Proteins Correct Answer: Specific conformation determines how it functions
,pH and temperature can cause it to denature and renature
Carbohydrates Correct Answer: the starches and sugars present in foods
anomeric carbon Correct Answer: Carbon number 1 for glucose
Carbon you start with when numbering the linear sequence of the molecule
OH down = alpha
OH up = beta
Furan rings Correct Answer: 5 members rings (including oxygen)
Pyran rings Correct Answer: 6 members rings
Glycosidic bonds Correct Answer: Protect the anomeric carbon from oxidation
Oligo Correct Answer: Few simple sugars linked together
Polysaccharide Correct Answer: Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides
Homopolysaccharide Correct Answer: a polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose
Can be branched or unbranched
Heteropolysaccharides Correct Answer: Two monomers for unbranched
Multiple monomer types for branched
Starch Correct Answer: Main form of storage of glucose in plants
More branches = less soluble
Cellulose Correct Answer: A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of
many organisms (not animals)
Lipids Correct Answer: Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Fat molecule Correct Answer: A triglyceride, containing a glycerol attached to three fatty acid
chains.
saturated fatty acid Correct Answer: molecule in lipids in which carbon atoms are bonded to as
many hydrogen atoms as possible: no double bonds, inflexible
e.g. butter, cheese
Unsaturated fatty acid Correct Answer: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds
between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail: flexible
Phospholipid Correct Answer: Form of lipid that is used by the cell
, Essential cell membranes
Amphipathic Correct Answer: Describes a molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts
Plasma membrane Correct Answer: The boundary that separates the living cell from its non-
living surroundings
Cholesterol Correct Answer: Inserts into bilayer
Bonds together and the lipids
Reduces permeability to some molecules
Glycolipids Correct Answer: Exclusively in the outer leaflet
Cel identity/blood groups
Carotenoids Correct Answer: Accessory pigments for light harvesting,prevention of photo
oxidative damage and pigmentation attracting insects
Passive transport Correct Answer: Movement of a substance across a semi-permeable membrane
without using energy
Diffusion Correct Answer: Tendency for molecules of particular substance to spread out evenly
into the available space
Osmosis Correct Answer: Movement of water from a solution of low concentration through a
semi permeable membrane to a solution of high concentration
Isotonic Correct Answer: No net movement of water
Hypotonic Correct Answer: Less outside, cell will gain water
Hypertonic Correct Answer: More outside, cell will lose water
Nucleus Correct Answer: Contains most of the genetic information
Nuclear membrane Correct Answer: Barrier to protect information from the rest of the cell
Messages come in and out of the pores
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: Storage and lipid biosynthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: Biosynthetic factory
Ribosomes Correct Answer: Makes protein in the process of translation
Made up of a large and small sub unit
Golgi apparatus Correct Answer: Receiving and shipping vesicles
Atom Correct Answer: Smaller unit of matter that still retains the properties of the element
Isotopes Correct Answer: Elements with the same number of protons and electrons but different
numbers of neutrons
Strong bonds Correct Answer: Covalent and ionic
Organic compounds Correct Answer: Almost all organic compounds contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen
Inorganics Correct Answer: Salt, metals, single elements and any other compound that doesn't
have C-H
Macromolecules Correct Answer: Organic molecules with a molecular weight >1000
R groups Correct Answer: groups that give different amino acids different protein
Non-polar amino acids Correct Answer: Hydrophobic = water insoluble
Methionine Correct Answer: Starts the sequence
Polar amino acids Correct Answer: Hydrophilic = water soluble
Neutral (uncharged)
negatively charged amino acids Correct Answer: acidic
positively charged amino acids Correct Answer: Basic
Cysteine Correct Answer: Important for folding of the protein
Proline Correct Answer: Stable at high temperature
Primary Correct Answer: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary Correct Answer: The folding or cooking of the polypeptide into a repeating
configuration
Tertiary Correct Answer: Overall 3D shape of a polypeptide that results from further interaction
between R groups of the amino acids
Quaternary Correct Answer: Overall protein structure that results from the interaction of two or
more polypeptide subunits
Proteins Correct Answer: Specific conformation determines how it functions
,pH and temperature can cause it to denature and renature
Carbohydrates Correct Answer: the starches and sugars present in foods
anomeric carbon Correct Answer: Carbon number 1 for glucose
Carbon you start with when numbering the linear sequence of the molecule
OH down = alpha
OH up = beta
Furan rings Correct Answer: 5 members rings (including oxygen)
Pyran rings Correct Answer: 6 members rings
Glycosidic bonds Correct Answer: Protect the anomeric carbon from oxidation
Oligo Correct Answer: Few simple sugars linked together
Polysaccharide Correct Answer: Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two
monosaccharides
Homopolysaccharide Correct Answer: a polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose
Can be branched or unbranched
Heteropolysaccharides Correct Answer: Two monomers for unbranched
Multiple monomer types for branched
Starch Correct Answer: Main form of storage of glucose in plants
More branches = less soluble
Cellulose Correct Answer: A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of
many organisms (not animals)
Lipids Correct Answer: Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Fat molecule Correct Answer: A triglyceride, containing a glycerol attached to three fatty acid
chains.
saturated fatty acid Correct Answer: molecule in lipids in which carbon atoms are bonded to as
many hydrogen atoms as possible: no double bonds, inflexible
e.g. butter, cheese
Unsaturated fatty acid Correct Answer: A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds
between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail: flexible
Phospholipid Correct Answer: Form of lipid that is used by the cell
, Essential cell membranes
Amphipathic Correct Answer: Describes a molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
parts
Plasma membrane Correct Answer: The boundary that separates the living cell from its non-
living surroundings
Cholesterol Correct Answer: Inserts into bilayer
Bonds together and the lipids
Reduces permeability to some molecules
Glycolipids Correct Answer: Exclusively in the outer leaflet
Cel identity/blood groups
Carotenoids Correct Answer: Accessory pigments for light harvesting,prevention of photo
oxidative damage and pigmentation attracting insects
Passive transport Correct Answer: Movement of a substance across a semi-permeable membrane
without using energy
Diffusion Correct Answer: Tendency for molecules of particular substance to spread out evenly
into the available space
Osmosis Correct Answer: Movement of water from a solution of low concentration through a
semi permeable membrane to a solution of high concentration
Isotonic Correct Answer: No net movement of water
Hypotonic Correct Answer: Less outside, cell will gain water
Hypertonic Correct Answer: More outside, cell will lose water
Nucleus Correct Answer: Contains most of the genetic information
Nuclear membrane Correct Answer: Barrier to protect information from the rest of the cell
Messages come in and out of the pores
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: Storage and lipid biosynthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Correct Answer: Biosynthetic factory
Ribosomes Correct Answer: Makes protein in the process of translation
Made up of a large and small sub unit
Golgi apparatus Correct Answer: Receiving and shipping vesicles
