LQB186 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Protein Correct Answer: long chains of amino acids
peptide bond formation Correct Answer: second stage of elongation; peptide bonds form
between amino acids that are linked to tRNAs in the P and A sites
amino acid structure Correct Answer: a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
secondary protein structure Correct Answer: occurs when the sequence of amino acids are
linked by hydrogen bonds
tertiary protein structure Correct Answer: occurs when certain attractions are present between R
groups of alpha helices and pleated sheets
quaternary protein structure Correct Answer: 2+ protein chains forming functional protein
6 functions of proteins Correct Answer: structure, toxin, storage, transportation, enzymatic,
movement, communication
Properties of R groups Correct Answer: contribute to the physical properties of the protein -
charge, fat and water solubility, etc
carbohydrates in cell membrane Correct Answer: Generally attached to proteins on extracellular
surface
Can act as signaling and recognition molecules
Carbohydrate Classification Correct Answer: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
anomeric carbon Correct Answer: -chiral carbonyl carbon in cyclic form
-carbon is bonded to both the ring O and a hydroxyl group
Anomers Correct Answer: subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon
Epimers Correct Answer: differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
Carbohydrate structure Correct Answer: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; Ring Structure 1:2:1
L-glucose Correct Answer: Synthetic enantiomer of D-glucose (H right hand side)
D-glucose Correct Answer: naturally occurring enantiomer of L-glucose (OH right hand side)
a-D-glucopyranose Correct Answer: Anomer - Hydroxide group below
, B-D-glucopyranose Correct Answer: Anomer - hydroxide group above
Furanoses and pyranoses Correct Answer: stereoisomers with 5 and 4 carbons
glycosidic bond Correct Answer: A covalent bond in which a carbohydrate binds to another
group, which could also be a carbohydrate.
conformational formulas of pyranoses Correct Answer: chair forms of B-D-glucopyranose
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Correct Answer: examples of biological polysaccharides
Lipid Classification Correct Answer: triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
triglyceride structure Correct Answer: glycerol + 3 fatty acids
cis and trans fatty acids Correct Answer: The orientation of hydrogen atoms around the Carbon
double bond distinguishes "cis" fatty acids from "trans" fatty acids. Most unsaturated fatty acids
found in nature have double bonds in the cis configuration.
omega fatty acids Correct Answer: type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the
numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end (end farthest from carboxylic end)
Phospholipids Correct Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological
membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Cholesterol Correct Answer: A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell
membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important
steroids.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Correct Answer: - Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
organelles of the endomembrane system Correct Answer: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
endomembrane system Correct Answer: A network of membranes inside and around a
eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous
vesicles.
extracellular matrix Correct Answer: a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells
that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
extracellular fibres Correct Answer: collagen, elastin, fibrillin
Protein Correct Answer: long chains of amino acids
peptide bond formation Correct Answer: second stage of elongation; peptide bonds form
between amino acids that are linked to tRNAs in the P and A sites
amino acid structure Correct Answer: a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
secondary protein structure Correct Answer: occurs when the sequence of amino acids are
linked by hydrogen bonds
tertiary protein structure Correct Answer: occurs when certain attractions are present between R
groups of alpha helices and pleated sheets
quaternary protein structure Correct Answer: 2+ protein chains forming functional protein
6 functions of proteins Correct Answer: structure, toxin, storage, transportation, enzymatic,
movement, communication
Properties of R groups Correct Answer: contribute to the physical properties of the protein -
charge, fat and water solubility, etc
carbohydrates in cell membrane Correct Answer: Generally attached to proteins on extracellular
surface
Can act as signaling and recognition molecules
Carbohydrate Classification Correct Answer: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
anomeric carbon Correct Answer: -chiral carbonyl carbon in cyclic form
-carbon is bonded to both the ring O and a hydroxyl group
Anomers Correct Answer: subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon
Epimers Correct Answer: differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
Carbohydrate structure Correct Answer: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; Ring Structure 1:2:1
L-glucose Correct Answer: Synthetic enantiomer of D-glucose (H right hand side)
D-glucose Correct Answer: naturally occurring enantiomer of L-glucose (OH right hand side)
a-D-glucopyranose Correct Answer: Anomer - Hydroxide group below
, B-D-glucopyranose Correct Answer: Anomer - hydroxide group above
Furanoses and pyranoses Correct Answer: stereoisomers with 5 and 4 carbons
glycosidic bond Correct Answer: A covalent bond in which a carbohydrate binds to another
group, which could also be a carbohydrate.
conformational formulas of pyranoses Correct Answer: chair forms of B-D-glucopyranose
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin Correct Answer: examples of biological polysaccharides
Lipid Classification Correct Answer: triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
triglyceride structure Correct Answer: glycerol + 3 fatty acids
cis and trans fatty acids Correct Answer: The orientation of hydrogen atoms around the Carbon
double bond distinguishes "cis" fatty acids from "trans" fatty acids. Most unsaturated fatty acids
found in nature have double bonds in the cis configuration.
omega fatty acids Correct Answer: type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the
numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end (end farthest from carboxylic end)
Phospholipids Correct Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological
membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Cholesterol Correct Answer: A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell
membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important
steroids.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Correct Answer: - Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound
organelles
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Both can reproduce and respond to the environment
organelles of the endomembrane system Correct Answer: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
endomembrane system Correct Answer: A network of membranes inside and around a
eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous
vesicles.
extracellular matrix Correct Answer: a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells
that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
extracellular fibres Correct Answer: collagen, elastin, fibrillin
