n480 final exam questions and complete answers
What are communicable diseases? correct answers those diseases spread human to human by direct or
indirect contact with an infectious agent.
What is an endemic disease? correct answers a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser
degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
What is an epidemic? correct answers a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
at a particular time.
What is an outbreak? correct answers the sudden or violent start of something unwelcome, such as war,
disease, etc.
What is pandemic? correct answers (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.
What are factors influencing risk of infection? correct answers Cardiopulmonary disease, compromised
immune system, surgery, diabetes, and burns
What are types of pathogens? correct answers bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, prions, helminthes, and
ectoparasites
Where do organisms survive? correct answers humans, animals, water, and soil
How do organisms spread? correct answers direct contact, ingestion, fomites (nonliving material),
airborne droplets, and arthropod vectors
How do organisms leave a body? correct answers respiratory secretions, feces, blood, open sores, and
conjunctiva (eye)
How does an organism enter a new host? correct answers mucous membrane, GI tract, respiratory tract,
and broken skin
,Who are the populations at risk for the chain of infection? correct answers children, elderly, and cancer
population
What is the #1 contaminant in the chain of infection? correct answers water
What is the primary goal of chain of infection? correct answers control the spread
How do you control the spread of infection? correct answers *involves controlling environmental
elements & personal behaviors
*Aim at weak links in Chain of Infection
*Eliminate Agent/Source/Reservoir
*Interrupt Transmission/Exposure
*Instruct Hosts to avoid risk areas
**Reduce Susceptibility
**Strengthen immune systems
What are the successes in the communicable disease trends? correct answers *Decline in vaccine
preventable diseases in areas with high immunization level
*Increase in incidence of some diseases
What are other trends in communicable disease? correct answers *Re-emergence of some previously
controlled diseases
*Emergence of new diseases
What are some contemporary issues of communicable diseases? correct answers *Vaccine failures &
lapsed immunizations
*Drug-resistant disease
*Tuberculosis
*STDs
,*Hepatitis
*HIV
What is the #1 communicable disease in the world? correct answers Tuberculosis
What hepatitis is there a vaccine for? correct answers Hepatitis B
Has people living with AIDS increased or decreased? correct answers greatly increased
Have reported TB cases increased or decreased from 1993 to 2009? correct answers they have
decreased
What are newly emerging and reemerging diseases? correct answers *Norwalk-like virus infection (NLV)
*Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
*Lyme disease
*West Nile virus
*Avian influenza
What are other influences to communicable diseases? correct answers *Crowding
*Daycare
*Increased mobility/travel
*World commerce
*Food shipments
*Medical devices
What is eradication? correct answers Elimination of the causative organism of a disease from nature
What is elimination? correct answers Exclusion of a disease from a single country or region or controlling
its manifestations so it is no longer a public health problem
, What are the factors that make up the biophysical considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Age
*Physiologic health status
*Immunity
*Physiologic effects
What are the factors that make up the psychological considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Stress
* Propensity to risk-taking behavior
* Contribution of mental illness
*Psychological effects of disease
What are the factors that make up the physical environmental considerations for assessing risk for
communicable diseases? correct answers *Crowding
*Lack of sanitation
* Biological contamination of food and water
* Exposure to animal feces
*Wind dissemination of aerosolized biological agents in terrorist attack
What are the factors that make up the behavioral considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Malnutrition and diet
*Sexual activity
*Drug use behavior
What are the factors that make up the sociocultural considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Poverty/unemployment
*Congregate living
* Language barriers
* Lack of education
What are communicable diseases? correct answers those diseases spread human to human by direct or
indirect contact with an infectious agent.
What is an endemic disease? correct answers a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser
degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
What is an epidemic? correct answers a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community
at a particular time.
What is an outbreak? correct answers the sudden or violent start of something unwelcome, such as war,
disease, etc.
What is pandemic? correct answers (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.
What are factors influencing risk of infection? correct answers Cardiopulmonary disease, compromised
immune system, surgery, diabetes, and burns
What are types of pathogens? correct answers bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, prions, helminthes, and
ectoparasites
Where do organisms survive? correct answers humans, animals, water, and soil
How do organisms spread? correct answers direct contact, ingestion, fomites (nonliving material),
airborne droplets, and arthropod vectors
How do organisms leave a body? correct answers respiratory secretions, feces, blood, open sores, and
conjunctiva (eye)
How does an organism enter a new host? correct answers mucous membrane, GI tract, respiratory tract,
and broken skin
,Who are the populations at risk for the chain of infection? correct answers children, elderly, and cancer
population
What is the #1 contaminant in the chain of infection? correct answers water
What is the primary goal of chain of infection? correct answers control the spread
How do you control the spread of infection? correct answers *involves controlling environmental
elements & personal behaviors
*Aim at weak links in Chain of Infection
*Eliminate Agent/Source/Reservoir
*Interrupt Transmission/Exposure
*Instruct Hosts to avoid risk areas
**Reduce Susceptibility
**Strengthen immune systems
What are the successes in the communicable disease trends? correct answers *Decline in vaccine
preventable diseases in areas with high immunization level
*Increase in incidence of some diseases
What are other trends in communicable disease? correct answers *Re-emergence of some previously
controlled diseases
*Emergence of new diseases
What are some contemporary issues of communicable diseases? correct answers *Vaccine failures &
lapsed immunizations
*Drug-resistant disease
*Tuberculosis
*STDs
,*Hepatitis
*HIV
What is the #1 communicable disease in the world? correct answers Tuberculosis
What hepatitis is there a vaccine for? correct answers Hepatitis B
Has people living with AIDS increased or decreased? correct answers greatly increased
Have reported TB cases increased or decreased from 1993 to 2009? correct answers they have
decreased
What are newly emerging and reemerging diseases? correct answers *Norwalk-like virus infection (NLV)
*Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
*Lyme disease
*West Nile virus
*Avian influenza
What are other influences to communicable diseases? correct answers *Crowding
*Daycare
*Increased mobility/travel
*World commerce
*Food shipments
*Medical devices
What is eradication? correct answers Elimination of the causative organism of a disease from nature
What is elimination? correct answers Exclusion of a disease from a single country or region or controlling
its manifestations so it is no longer a public health problem
, What are the factors that make up the biophysical considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Age
*Physiologic health status
*Immunity
*Physiologic effects
What are the factors that make up the psychological considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Stress
* Propensity to risk-taking behavior
* Contribution of mental illness
*Psychological effects of disease
What are the factors that make up the physical environmental considerations for assessing risk for
communicable diseases? correct answers *Crowding
*Lack of sanitation
* Biological contamination of food and water
* Exposure to animal feces
*Wind dissemination of aerosolized biological agents in terrorist attack
What are the factors that make up the behavioral considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Malnutrition and diet
*Sexual activity
*Drug use behavior
What are the factors that make up the sociocultural considerations for assessing risk for communicable
diseases? correct answers *Poverty/unemployment
*Congregate living
* Language barriers
* Lack of education
