Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Module 1
1. Difference between a sign and a symptom
a. Sign – objective, what a nurse can measure/see
b. Symptom – subjective, what client tells you
2. The four components of Pathophysiology
a. Etiology – cause or reason
b. Pathogenesis – what the disease looks like
c. Clinical manifestations – symptoms
d. Treatment Implications – how to cure/alleviate symptoms
3. What is homeostasis
1. Homeostasis – a self-regulating, give and take system, that responds to minor
changes in the body through compensation mechanisms.
4. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
1. Osmosis
5. Main complication of sodium imbalance
1. Sodium normal range: 135-145 mEq/L
2. The BRAIN is very sensitive to sodium imbalance.
6. Main complication of calcium imbalance
1. Calcium normal range: 4-5 mEq/L
2. The MUSCLES are sensitive to calcium imbalance. Decreased tendon reflexes,
diminished muscle excitability, and decreased neuro-muscular excitability.
8. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body (Yes, this is difference from loss
from extracellular)
1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Insensible losses (respiratory system, skin, etc).
9. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
1.
10. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia
1. Cerebral edema, seizure, coma, death.
11. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance.
1. Cardiac assessment – potassium plays a major role in electrical conduction of
the heart.
12. Symptoms of dehydration
1. Fatigue, headache, muscle cramps, constipation, UTI, dark-colored urine, dry
skin/lips, brain fog, dizziness, confusion.
13. Manifestations of fluid excess
1. Peripheral edema, periorbital edema (swelling around eyes), anasarca (generalized
edema, skin weeping), cerebral edema, dyspnea (labored breathing), bounding
pulse (strong throbbing), tachycardia, jugular vein distention, hypertension,
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, polyuria (excessive urination), rapid weight gain, crackles (abnormal lung sound),
building fontanelles (infants soft spots).
14. Cause of edema (The capillary hydrostatic pressure increases to cause edema in the
interstitial compartment)
1.
15. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes/substances
1. Higher concentration of sodium, lower concentration of potassium (opposite
intracellular, which has higher concentration of potassium, lower concentration
of sodium).
16. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency
1. ATP – Adenosine triphosphate, the mitochondria is the “powerhouse” of the
cell and APT is created here.
17. Three electrolytes that are stored in and impact bone and the relationship they have to
each other
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. Phosphorus
4. Calcium is synergistic with Magnesium, inverse with Phosphorus
18. Review the RAAS system. The information is in your module 1 content information.
We cover it in more detail in mod 6 but you need to know that the system regulates
blood pressure by vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. We discussed this when
we talked about aldosterone.
1. Renin
2. Angiotensin
3. Aldosterone
4. System
5. ADH – for dehydration, promotes reabsorption of sodium & water in the kidneys
6. Aldosterone – increases reabsorption of sodium & water in the kidneys,
RAISING BP
Module 2
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
1. Alarm phase – generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system,
resulting in a release of catecholamines and cortisol, fight or flight response.
2. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with?
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased breathing rate
3. Increased blood sugar
3. Signs of inflammation
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Pain
4. Heat
5. Floss of function
This study source was downloaded by 100000852681095 from CourseHero.com on 11-04-2022 04:19:07 GMT -05:00
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Module 1
1. Difference between a sign and a symptom
a. Sign – objective, what a nurse can measure/see
b. Symptom – subjective, what client tells you
2. The four components of Pathophysiology
a. Etiology – cause or reason
b. Pathogenesis – what the disease looks like
c. Clinical manifestations – symptoms
d. Treatment Implications – how to cure/alleviate symptoms
3. What is homeostasis
1. Homeostasis – a self-regulating, give and take system, that responds to minor
changes in the body through compensation mechanisms.
4. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
1. Osmosis
5. Main complication of sodium imbalance
1. Sodium normal range: 135-145 mEq/L
2. The BRAIN is very sensitive to sodium imbalance.
6. Main complication of calcium imbalance
1. Calcium normal range: 4-5 mEq/L
2. The MUSCLES are sensitive to calcium imbalance. Decreased tendon reflexes,
diminished muscle excitability, and decreased neuro-muscular excitability.
8. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body (Yes, this is difference from loss
from extracellular)
1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Insensible losses (respiratory system, skin, etc).
9. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
1.
10. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia
1. Cerebral edema, seizure, coma, death.
11. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance.
1. Cardiac assessment – potassium plays a major role in electrical conduction of
the heart.
12. Symptoms of dehydration
1. Fatigue, headache, muscle cramps, constipation, UTI, dark-colored urine, dry
skin/lips, brain fog, dizziness, confusion.
13. Manifestations of fluid excess
1. Peripheral edema, periorbital edema (swelling around eyes), anasarca (generalized
edema, skin weeping), cerebral edema, dyspnea (labored breathing), bounding
pulse (strong throbbing), tachycardia, jugular vein distention, hypertension,
This study source was downloaded by 100000852681095 from CourseHero.com on 11-04-2022 04:19:07 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/127841328/Exam-1-Study-Guide-Fall-2021docx/
, polyuria (excessive urination), rapid weight gain, crackles (abnormal lung sound),
building fontanelles (infants soft spots).
14. Cause of edema (The capillary hydrostatic pressure increases to cause edema in the
interstitial compartment)
1.
15. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes/substances
1. Higher concentration of sodium, lower concentration of potassium (opposite
intracellular, which has higher concentration of potassium, lower concentration
of sodium).
16. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency
1. ATP – Adenosine triphosphate, the mitochondria is the “powerhouse” of the
cell and APT is created here.
17. Three electrolytes that are stored in and impact bone and the relationship they have to
each other
1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. Phosphorus
4. Calcium is synergistic with Magnesium, inverse with Phosphorus
18. Review the RAAS system. The information is in your module 1 content information.
We cover it in more detail in mod 6 but you need to know that the system regulates
blood pressure by vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. We discussed this when
we talked about aldosterone.
1. Renin
2. Angiotensin
3. Aldosterone
4. System
5. ADH – for dehydration, promotes reabsorption of sodium & water in the kidneys
6. Aldosterone – increases reabsorption of sodium & water in the kidneys,
RAISING BP
Module 2
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
1. Alarm phase – generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system,
resulting in a release of catecholamines and cortisol, fight or flight response.
2. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with?
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased breathing rate
3. Increased blood sugar
3. Signs of inflammation
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Pain
4. Heat
5. Floss of function
This study source was downloaded by 100000852681095 from CourseHero.com on 11-04-2022 04:19:07 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/127841328/Exam-1-Study-Guide-Fall-2021docx/
