NURSI 1150 questions and answers latest

Chapter #1 1. The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called A. Psychiatry B. Physiology C. Homeostasis D. Pathophysiology Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine dealing with mental illness. Homeostasis is a dynamic steady state. Pathophysiology refers to the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function. 2. Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention? A. Primary B. Tertiary C. Clinical D. Secondary Tertiary prevention (appropriate in the stage of advanced disease or disability) includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Clinical is a stage referred to in early disease prevention (secondary). Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. 3. Which organ shrinks with age? A. Gums B. Heart C. Prostate D. Sweat glands The gums shrink with age. The heart enlarges with age. The prostate enlarges with age. Sweat glands become fewer in number with age 4. Which statement is true about the normal biological variations related to age? A. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult. B. Elderly persons have better temperature sensations. C. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person. D. There is less thirst perception in the elderly. Aging does usually result in diminished thirst perception. Adults have slower heart rates than infants. The elderly have fewer sweat glands. The elderly have diminished temperature sensations. 5. Which statement is true? A. Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men. B. Men have a lower creatinine level than women. C. Men have a higher calcium level than women. D. Women snore more than men. Women generally have lower hemoglobin levels than men. Women have higher calcium levels than men. Women have higher creatinine levels than men. Men tend to snore more than women. 6. The increase in a normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitudes is referred to as A. Diurnal B. Circadian C. Population D. Acclimatization Acclimatization is the normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at a high altitude. Circadian rhythm and diurnal variation are terms that refer to factors that are similar depending on the time of day. Population refers to a group of people or may be referred to as a population mean when using statistics. 7. Which term means “cause of the disease”? A. Etiology B. Risk factor C. Pathogenesis D. Clinical manifestations Etiology is the cause or reason for a phenomenon. When the link between an etiologic factor and development of a disease is less than certain, but the probability is increased when the factor is present, it is termed a risk factor. The mechanism of disease development is called pathogenesis. The functional consequences of these changes are the clinical manifestations. 8. When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is A. Genotype B. Idiopathic C. Ecogenetics D. Iatrogenic Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention. Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition. Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown. Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and environment. 9. Signs and symptoms of a disease first occur during the A. Acute phase B. Latent period C. Subclinical stage D. Prodromal period The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. During the acute phase, the disease reaches its full intensity, and signs and symptoms attain their greatest severity. If the disease has a latent period, the signs and symptoms may become mild or even disappear for a time. A number of diseases have a subclinical stage, during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established. 10. Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease? A. Syndrome B. Symptom C. Sign D. Stage A sign is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease. A syndrome is a collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together. A symptom is a subjective feeling. The clinical manifestations of some diseases may change significantly over time, resulting in a completely different clinical presentation at different stages (periods in time). Chapter #2 1. Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability? A. Stress B. Adaptive C. Exhaustion D. Homeostasis Stress is defined as a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten homeostasis. Adaptive changes occur when a body function changes to work within its environment. Exhaustion occurs when there is a negative sequela. Homeostasis is dynamic change. 2. Which is not one of the recognized components of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Alarm B. Allostasis C. Resistance D. Exhaustion Allostasis is a dynamic process that supports and helps the body achieve homeostasis. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three recognized components of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome. 3. What stage is defined by “fight or flight”? A. Alarm B. Resistance C. Exhaustion D. Adaptation Alarm is called “fight or flight” because it gives the body a boost of energy to either run or confront. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. Exhaustion occurs when the body is no longer able to bring about a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agents. To survive, the body must move beyond the alarm stage to a stage of resistance (also called adaptation) supportive of the allostatic return to a state of homeostasis. 4. Which is true regarding catecholamines? A. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system. B. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine. C. They cross the blood-brain barrier. D. They cause a decrease in heart rate. Catecholamines include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is secreted from the sympathetic nerves, and epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to skeletal muscles. 5. Which statement is true regarding epinephrine? A. It has the exact same effects as norepinephrine. B. It causes a decrease in glycogenolysis. C. It causes a decrease in muscle strength. D. It results in increased cardiac output. Epinephrine increases heart rate, venous return, and cardiac output. Epinephrine produces some of the same effects as norepinephrine, but it has greater influence on cardiac action. Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver. Epinephrine increases muscle strength, mental alertness, and vigilance. 6. Which is a true statement regarding cortisol? A. It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine. B. Its activity is shorter than that of epinephrine. C. It has no known effect on the immune system. D. It is associated with the alarm stage. Cortisol does produce a stress response similar to that seen with epinephrine but with differs in length of duration. Cortisol’s affect is longer acting than that of epinephrine. Cortisol’s affects on the immune system has been documented. Epinephrine not cortisol is associated with the alarm stage. 7. On which area does cortisol have an anabolic effect? A. Lymphoid B. Protein