Week 6
Chapter 13 Renal System
1. Describe the anatomy and normal functions of the kidney
• Kidneys produce urine by filtering blood
• Nephron is basic functional unit of kidneys
• Nephrons consist of tubules, glomerulus, and collecting ducts
2. Explain the pathogenesis of glomerular injury and discuss the different types
of glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated inflammation of the glomerulus that occurs 1 to 2
weeks after an acute infection (usually “strep throat”). Patients present with generalized edema,
proteinuria, hematuria, oliguria, and hypertension. The disease is caused by deposition of immune
complexes in the glomerular basement membranes. On histologic examination, the glomeruli appear
hypercellular, with increased mesangial cells and inflammatory cells. These cells compress and/or
occlude capillaries, thereby stimulating renal release of renin and increased blood pressure. Glomerular
basement membrane damage leads to hypoalbuminemia, which, in turn, causes increased peripheral
edema as a result of decreased oncotic pressure of the blood.
Crescentic glomerulonephritis denotes severe glomerular injury (focal necrosis of capillaries)
accompanied by formation of a fibrinous exudate inside Bowman’s capsule. Crescentic
glomerulonephritis typically occurs in patients with anti–glomerular basement membrane disease (e.g.,
Goodpasture’s syndrome). Because no blood flows through the affected capillary loops, patients
develop anuria and acute renal failure.
3. Explain
1) Azotemia
Azotemia is a biochemical abnormality, defined as elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products
(BUN- usually ranging 7 to 21 mg/dL), creatinine in the blood, and other secondary waste products
within the body.
2) nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are both characterized by generalized edema, hypoalbuminemia,
and proteinuria. Patients with nephrotic syndrome typically develop hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.
Patients with nephritic syndrome typically develop hematuria and oliguria.
3) acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury- Acute kidney injury is characterized by abrupt deterioration in kidney function,
manifested by an increase in serum creatinine level with or without reduced urine output.
This study source was downloaded by 100000852681095 from CourseHero.com on 11-05-2022 07:41:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48048491/Patho-Midterm-Review-Wk6docx/
Chapter 13 Renal System
1. Describe the anatomy and normal functions of the kidney
• Kidneys produce urine by filtering blood
• Nephron is basic functional unit of kidneys
• Nephrons consist of tubules, glomerulus, and collecting ducts
2. Explain the pathogenesis of glomerular injury and discuss the different types
of glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated inflammation of the glomerulus that occurs 1 to 2
weeks after an acute infection (usually “strep throat”). Patients present with generalized edema,
proteinuria, hematuria, oliguria, and hypertension. The disease is caused by deposition of immune
complexes in the glomerular basement membranes. On histologic examination, the glomeruli appear
hypercellular, with increased mesangial cells and inflammatory cells. These cells compress and/or
occlude capillaries, thereby stimulating renal release of renin and increased blood pressure. Glomerular
basement membrane damage leads to hypoalbuminemia, which, in turn, causes increased peripheral
edema as a result of decreased oncotic pressure of the blood.
Crescentic glomerulonephritis denotes severe glomerular injury (focal necrosis of capillaries)
accompanied by formation of a fibrinous exudate inside Bowman’s capsule. Crescentic
glomerulonephritis typically occurs in patients with anti–glomerular basement membrane disease (e.g.,
Goodpasture’s syndrome). Because no blood flows through the affected capillary loops, patients
develop anuria and acute renal failure.
3. Explain
1) Azotemia
Azotemia is a biochemical abnormality, defined as elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products
(BUN- usually ranging 7 to 21 mg/dL), creatinine in the blood, and other secondary waste products
within the body.
2) nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are both characterized by generalized edema, hypoalbuminemia,
and proteinuria. Patients with nephrotic syndrome typically develop hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.
Patients with nephritic syndrome typically develop hematuria and oliguria.
3) acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury- Acute kidney injury is characterized by abrupt deterioration in kidney function,
manifested by an increase in serum creatinine level with or without reduced urine output.
This study source was downloaded by 100000852681095 from CourseHero.com on 11-05-2022 07:41:21 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/48048491/Patho-Midterm-Review-Wk6docx/
