Music Therapy CBMT Exam
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) - ANSWER-Originally
passed by Congress in 1975 and reauthorized several times, most recently in 2004, the
IDEA specifies the procedures for insuring that all children with disabilities receives a
free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment possible. It also includes
requirements for parental involvement and due process procedures when parents or
guardians disagree with a school's decision regarding their child.
Individualized Education Program (IEP) - ANSWER-The federal special education law
(IDEA) requires that an IEP be developed by a team for each student receiving special
education services. The IEP must contain a statement of the student's present levels of
educational performance, annual goals related to areas of deficit, short-term objective
describing the intermediate steps to the annual goals, criteria and procedures for
determining the achievement of the objectives, and educational services to be provided
to the student. Any changes to a student's IEP must be agreed upon by the entire IEP
team. Changes cannot be made unilaterally by one individual.
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) - ANSWER-A plan, similar to an IEP, by
designed for young children (under 3 years of age) and their families. An IFSP is
somewhat broader than an IEP in that it also specifies services and resource to be
provided to the entire family in support of the child with disabilities.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ANSWER-A legal term from the IDEA that
specifies that students with disabilities must be educated as close to the same
environment as their typical (nondisabled) peers. It is this provision on which inclusion is
based.
Manifestation Determination - ANSWER-A determination that a student's inappropriate
behavior is not a result, or manifestation, of his or her disability. This is usually
determined in a hearing and is required when a student's behavior violates school rules
and before the school can undertake disciplinary action that might result in a student's
suspension from school.
Mnemonics - ANSWER-The use of memory-enhancing strategies or cues to remember
something. This might include such things as rhymes, visualization or acronyms.
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities - ANSWER-Refers to individuals who have a cluster of
disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial and tactual tasks.
Peer Tutoring - ANSWER-A method used to integrate students with disabilities into
general education settings. It is based on research that demonstrates that students can
effectively tutor one another. It maximizes active student engagement with an academic
,task and can also improve social and communication skills. One particularly effective
form is Classwide Peer Tutoring (CWPT).
Positive Behavioral Support (PBS) - ANSWER-Using methods and techniques that
support desirable and appropriate behavior rather than punishing undesirable or
inappropriate behavior. It usually consists of determining what types of reinforcers
would promote appropriate student behavior and then using those reinforcers to help
the student engage in that behavior.
Seizure - ANSWER-A sudden alternation of consciousness, usually accompanied by
motor activity and/or sensory phenomena, caused by an abnormal discharge of
electrical energy in the brain.
Spina Bifida - ANSWER-A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony
spinal column to close completely during fetal development. It may occur anywhere
from the head to the lower end of the spine. Because the spinal column is not closed,
the spinal card can protrude, resulting in damage to the nerves and paralysis and/or
lack of function or sensation below the site of the defect.
Stereotypic Behaviors - ANSWER-Any of a variety of repetitive behaviors that are
sometimes found in individuals who are have autism, blindness, or who are severely
mentally retarded. May include such things as rubbing eyes, hand flapping, swaying
from side to side, etc.
Supported Employment - ANSWER-A method of integrating people with disabilities who
cannot work independently into competitive employment. Includes the use of a job
coach who helps the person with disabilities train for and succeed on the job.
Systematic Instruction - ANSWER-Teaching that involves instructional prompts,
consequences, or reinforcement,for performance, and transfer of stimulus control. It is
usually used with individuals with mental retardation.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ANSWER-An injury through the brain due to an accident
(not conditions present at birth, birth trauma, or degenerative disease). Results in total
or partial disability that affects educational performance. It may affect any or all areas of
cognition, language, memory, attention, judgment, motor skills, behavior, emotions,
problem solving, or speech. Because as the brain heals the symptoms will change over
time TBI requires close communication among education, medical and other
professionals, and parents/guardians.
Individual Transition Plan (ITP) - ANSWER-The IDEA requires that, no later than age 16
(or earlier if appropriate), each student's IEP should contain a statement of needed
transition services. In addition, the ITP must include a statement of linkages and
responsibilities for each appropriate agency for provide those services. The intent is to
have a plan in place to facilitate the individual's successful transition from the school
setting to the community.
,Job Coach - ANSWER-A person who assists workers with disabilities to be successful
in a job setting. A job coach provides vocational assessment, instruction, planning,
interaction and communication assistance with employers, and other services to support
the individual in a job.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - ANSWER-The ADA is a civil rights law for
persons with disabilities to protect them from discrimination in a wide range of activities,
such as employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.
This is not the primary law that provides protection and safeguards educational rights of
students in schools. That law is the IDEA.
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act - ANSWER-Signed into law in
1998, this law provides federal funds for occupationally-relevant equipment, vocational
curriculum materials, materials for learning labs, curriculum development or
modification, staff development, career counseling and guidance activities, efforts for
academic-vocational integration, supplemental services for special populations, hiring
vocational staff, remedial classes, and expansion of tech prep programs. In special
education its primary benefit is that it requires schools, and distributes funds, to provide
vocational training, planning and placement for students with special needs.
Applied Behavior Analysis - ANSWER-An approach often used with children with
autism, although it can be used for other purposes as well. It breaks a skill or task down
into smaller units or steps. The teacher practices each step with the child, helping the
child to connect the smaller steps with the larger task or skill. The teacher uses prompts
and reinforcements to assist and encourage the child to correctly perform each step
with the prompts and reinforcers gradually reduced until the skill is self-maintained by
the child
P.L. 99-457 - ANSWER-Passed in 1986, this law (Education of the Handicapped Act
Amendments) established early intervention for young children from birth to age three
and their families.
TEKS - ANSWER-Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills, these is the state required
curriculum for all public schools in Texas. The TEKS lists the skills students should have
mastered at various grade levels in all academic subjects. The TEKS do not provide
information about resources to teach the skills or how to evaluate them. It is simply a list
of those skills. A teacher can tell, for children at any grade level, the prerequisite skills
the students should already have mastered and which skills the students will need to
master next.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - ANSWER-ADHD is a neurological
disorder that can result in lack of attention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity. The three
types of ADHD, as defined by the DSM-IV-, are Predominately Inattentive Type,
Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and Combined Type, which incorporates
the all the characteristics of the other two types. ADHD is not an identified disability
, under the IDEA, but students with the disability may be served under the Other Health
Impaired category of the IDEA, or under the Learning Disabilities or Seriously
Emotionally Disordered categories since there is a large overlap between ADHD and
these other disabilities.
Perseveration - ANSWER-Perseveration means to keep doing the same thing again
and again. This is a common characteristic of individuals with autism spectrum disorder,
as well as other types of disabilities. It may manifest itself in repeating an action multiple
times and not being able to stop.
Echolalia - ANSWER-Echolalia is to repeat back something that has already been said,
exactly as it is said. You might ask, "What's your name?" and the person will reply back,
"What's your name?" While many children with autism exhibit this characteristic, it does
not fit the definition in the question stem and, thus, it is not the correct word for this
question.
Encephalitis - ANSWER-Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it
usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It has no impact on the sense of
thirst.
Asthma - ANSWER-Asthma is caused by an inflammation or obstruction of the air
passages, making it difficult to breath. It does not affect thirst.
Diabetes - ANSWER-This disorder, caused by the body's inability to produce insulin can
sometimes result in insulin shock, which is sometimes signaled by an increased level of
thirst. Both asthma and cystic fibrosis are breathing disorders not related to thirst.
Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER-Cystic fibrosis results from a buildup of mucus in the lungs
or gastrointestinal tract that interferes with breathing or digestion.
Epilepsy - ANSWER-Epilepsy is a neurological condition, which affects the nervous
system. Epilepsy is also known as a seizure disorder . It is usually diagnosed after a
person has had at least two seizures that were not caused by some known medical
condition like alcohol withdrawal or extremely low blood sugar.
The seizures in epilepsy may be related to a brain injury or a family tendency, but most
of the time the cause is unknown.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - ANSWER-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is
an anxiety disorder and is characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Repetitive behaviors such as hand washing,
counting, checking, or cleaning are often performed with the hope of preventing
obsessive thoughts or making them go away. Performing these so-called "rituals,"
however, provides only temporary relief, and not performing them markedly increases
anxiety.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) - ANSWER-Originally
passed by Congress in 1975 and reauthorized several times, most recently in 2004, the
IDEA specifies the procedures for insuring that all children with disabilities receives a
free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment possible. It also includes
requirements for parental involvement and due process procedures when parents or
guardians disagree with a school's decision regarding their child.
Individualized Education Program (IEP) - ANSWER-The federal special education law
(IDEA) requires that an IEP be developed by a team for each student receiving special
education services. The IEP must contain a statement of the student's present levels of
educational performance, annual goals related to areas of deficit, short-term objective
describing the intermediate steps to the annual goals, criteria and procedures for
determining the achievement of the objectives, and educational services to be provided
to the student. Any changes to a student's IEP must be agreed upon by the entire IEP
team. Changes cannot be made unilaterally by one individual.
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) - ANSWER-A plan, similar to an IEP, by
designed for young children (under 3 years of age) and their families. An IFSP is
somewhat broader than an IEP in that it also specifies services and resource to be
provided to the entire family in support of the child with disabilities.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ANSWER-A legal term from the IDEA that
specifies that students with disabilities must be educated as close to the same
environment as their typical (nondisabled) peers. It is this provision on which inclusion is
based.
Manifestation Determination - ANSWER-A determination that a student's inappropriate
behavior is not a result, or manifestation, of his or her disability. This is usually
determined in a hearing and is required when a student's behavior violates school rules
and before the school can undertake disciplinary action that might result in a student's
suspension from school.
Mnemonics - ANSWER-The use of memory-enhancing strategies or cues to remember
something. This might include such things as rhymes, visualization or acronyms.
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities - ANSWER-Refers to individuals who have a cluster of
disabilities in social interaction, math, visual-spatial and tactual tasks.
Peer Tutoring - ANSWER-A method used to integrate students with disabilities into
general education settings. It is based on research that demonstrates that students can
effectively tutor one another. It maximizes active student engagement with an academic
,task and can also improve social and communication skills. One particularly effective
form is Classwide Peer Tutoring (CWPT).
Positive Behavioral Support (PBS) - ANSWER-Using methods and techniques that
support desirable and appropriate behavior rather than punishing undesirable or
inappropriate behavior. It usually consists of determining what types of reinforcers
would promote appropriate student behavior and then using those reinforcers to help
the student engage in that behavior.
Seizure - ANSWER-A sudden alternation of consciousness, usually accompanied by
motor activity and/or sensory phenomena, caused by an abnormal discharge of
electrical energy in the brain.
Spina Bifida - ANSWER-A congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony
spinal column to close completely during fetal development. It may occur anywhere
from the head to the lower end of the spine. Because the spinal column is not closed,
the spinal card can protrude, resulting in damage to the nerves and paralysis and/or
lack of function or sensation below the site of the defect.
Stereotypic Behaviors - ANSWER-Any of a variety of repetitive behaviors that are
sometimes found in individuals who are have autism, blindness, or who are severely
mentally retarded. May include such things as rubbing eyes, hand flapping, swaying
from side to side, etc.
Supported Employment - ANSWER-A method of integrating people with disabilities who
cannot work independently into competitive employment. Includes the use of a job
coach who helps the person with disabilities train for and succeed on the job.
Systematic Instruction - ANSWER-Teaching that involves instructional prompts,
consequences, or reinforcement,for performance, and transfer of stimulus control. It is
usually used with individuals with mental retardation.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ANSWER-An injury through the brain due to an accident
(not conditions present at birth, birth trauma, or degenerative disease). Results in total
or partial disability that affects educational performance. It may affect any or all areas of
cognition, language, memory, attention, judgment, motor skills, behavior, emotions,
problem solving, or speech. Because as the brain heals the symptoms will change over
time TBI requires close communication among education, medical and other
professionals, and parents/guardians.
Individual Transition Plan (ITP) - ANSWER-The IDEA requires that, no later than age 16
(or earlier if appropriate), each student's IEP should contain a statement of needed
transition services. In addition, the ITP must include a statement of linkages and
responsibilities for each appropriate agency for provide those services. The intent is to
have a plan in place to facilitate the individual's successful transition from the school
setting to the community.
,Job Coach - ANSWER-A person who assists workers with disabilities to be successful
in a job setting. A job coach provides vocational assessment, instruction, planning,
interaction and communication assistance with employers, and other services to support
the individual in a job.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - ANSWER-The ADA is a civil rights law for
persons with disabilities to protect them from discrimination in a wide range of activities,
such as employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.
This is not the primary law that provides protection and safeguards educational rights of
students in schools. That law is the IDEA.
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act - ANSWER-Signed into law in
1998, this law provides federal funds for occupationally-relevant equipment, vocational
curriculum materials, materials for learning labs, curriculum development or
modification, staff development, career counseling and guidance activities, efforts for
academic-vocational integration, supplemental services for special populations, hiring
vocational staff, remedial classes, and expansion of tech prep programs. In special
education its primary benefit is that it requires schools, and distributes funds, to provide
vocational training, planning and placement for students with special needs.
Applied Behavior Analysis - ANSWER-An approach often used with children with
autism, although it can be used for other purposes as well. It breaks a skill or task down
into smaller units or steps. The teacher practices each step with the child, helping the
child to connect the smaller steps with the larger task or skill. The teacher uses prompts
and reinforcements to assist and encourage the child to correctly perform each step
with the prompts and reinforcers gradually reduced until the skill is self-maintained by
the child
P.L. 99-457 - ANSWER-Passed in 1986, this law (Education of the Handicapped Act
Amendments) established early intervention for young children from birth to age three
and their families.
TEKS - ANSWER-Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills, these is the state required
curriculum for all public schools in Texas. The TEKS lists the skills students should have
mastered at various grade levels in all academic subjects. The TEKS do not provide
information about resources to teach the skills or how to evaluate them. It is simply a list
of those skills. A teacher can tell, for children at any grade level, the prerequisite skills
the students should already have mastered and which skills the students will need to
master next.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - ANSWER-ADHD is a neurological
disorder that can result in lack of attention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity. The three
types of ADHD, as defined by the DSM-IV-, are Predominately Inattentive Type,
Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and Combined Type, which incorporates
the all the characteristics of the other two types. ADHD is not an identified disability
, under the IDEA, but students with the disability may be served under the Other Health
Impaired category of the IDEA, or under the Learning Disabilities or Seriously
Emotionally Disordered categories since there is a large overlap between ADHD and
these other disabilities.
Perseveration - ANSWER-Perseveration means to keep doing the same thing again
and again. This is a common characteristic of individuals with autism spectrum disorder,
as well as other types of disabilities. It may manifest itself in repeating an action multiple
times and not being able to stop.
Echolalia - ANSWER-Echolalia is to repeat back something that has already been said,
exactly as it is said. You might ask, "What's your name?" and the person will reply back,
"What's your name?" While many children with autism exhibit this characteristic, it does
not fit the definition in the question stem and, thus, it is not the correct word for this
question.
Encephalitis - ANSWER-Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it
usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It has no impact on the sense of
thirst.
Asthma - ANSWER-Asthma is caused by an inflammation or obstruction of the air
passages, making it difficult to breath. It does not affect thirst.
Diabetes - ANSWER-This disorder, caused by the body's inability to produce insulin can
sometimes result in insulin shock, which is sometimes signaled by an increased level of
thirst. Both asthma and cystic fibrosis are breathing disorders not related to thirst.
Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER-Cystic fibrosis results from a buildup of mucus in the lungs
or gastrointestinal tract that interferes with breathing or digestion.
Epilepsy - ANSWER-Epilepsy is a neurological condition, which affects the nervous
system. Epilepsy is also known as a seizure disorder . It is usually diagnosed after a
person has had at least two seizures that were not caused by some known medical
condition like alcohol withdrawal or extremely low blood sugar.
The seizures in epilepsy may be related to a brain injury or a family tendency, but most
of the time the cause is unknown.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - ANSWER-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is
an anxiety disorder and is characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Repetitive behaviors such as hand washing,
counting, checking, or cleaning are often performed with the hope of preventing
obsessive thoughts or making them go away. Performing these so-called "rituals,"
however, provides only temporary relief, and not performing them markedly increases
anxiety.
