Human Development A Lifespan View CH 3 ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

Human Development A Lifespan View CH 3 ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS TRUE/FALSE 1 : Reflexes are learned responses. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 2 : Waking activity means that a baby is awake, calm, and attentive. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 3 : Infant crying is typically accompanied by agitated and uncoordinated movement. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : A mad cry is a more intense version of a basic cry. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 5 : Co-sleeping tends to be more common in cultures who value interdependence. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : REM sleep becomes significantly more common between birth and age 2 years. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 7 : Encouraging parents to have newborns sleep on their backs has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 8 : A child with high effortful control is able to maintain focus and is less distractible. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 9 : Infants typically triple their body weight by the time of their first birthday. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : Breastfed babies are ill less often than bottle-fed babies. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 11 : Body size is the key determinate of malnutrition in infancy. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : Synaptic pruning significantly increases the number of neural connections in the brain. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : The neural plate develops into the brain and spinal cord. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 14 : Experience does not influence brain development. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 15 : To locomote means to move. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 16 : According to dynamic systems theory, once motor skills are originally organized, they do not change. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 17 : In some traditional African cultures, children receive training to sit and walk at younger ages than in Europe and North America. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 18 : Of all the senses, the sense of smell is probably the least developed in infants. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 19 : The fact that coarser objects are perceived as further away than more solid objects forms the basis of the concept of linear perspective. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 20 : Between the ages of 2 and 5, children develop a theory of mind; however, many children with autism spectrum disorder may be experiencing mindblindness. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : A is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation. A : reflex B : thought C : theory of mind D : memory Correct Answer : A 22 : Cody slips his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasps onto it. The infant is exhibiting the reflex. A : Moro B : stepping C : rooting D : Palmar Correct Answer : D 23 : If you were going to check for the Babinski reflex in a newborn, which part of the newborns body would you be observing? A : Eyes B : Arms C : Mouth D : Toes Correct Answer : D 24 : Two-month-old Chucky does not exhibit the Moro reflex. What kind of problem will he most likely exhibit? A : He will be less able to grasp objects. B : He will be less able to eat. C : He will be less able to cling to his mother. D : His eyes will not be well protected. Correct Answer : C 25 : Winchester notices that every time he touches his newborn sons cheek, the infant turns his head and tries to suck. This behavior demonstrates the reflex. A : withdrawal B : Moro C : rooting D : Babinski Correct Answer : C 26 : Dr. Gribble has completed an Apgar assessment of newborn baby boy Noah. Noahs father is informed by Dr. Gribble that the Apgar assessment score is a 7. As a person who understands the scoring system, he would most likely A : panic, as this may indicate that his son is in a life-threatening state and needs immediate medical attention. B : be somewhat concerned, as this score would indicate at least some minor distress. C : be very happy, as a 7 indicates a baby in good physical condition. D : be confused, as Apgar scores must fall between -1.0 and +1.0. Correct Answer : C 27 : In order to assess newborn June with the NBAS, Dr. Lee is determining how long she stays awake. Which system is Dr. Lee assessing? A : Social B : State C : Motor D : Autonomic Correct Answer : B 28 : Two-month-old Mulan is lying quietly with her eyes wide open and appears very interested in a toy dangling in front of her face. Mulan is exhibiting A : alert inactivity. B : crying. C : waking activity. D : nonREM sleep. Correct Answer : A 29 : Amandas baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Amandas baby is most likely in the state. A : alert inactivity B : crying C : waking activity D : REM Correct Answer : C 30 : Newborn crying typically involves A : agitation and coordinated movements. B : calm and coordinated movement. C : agitation and uncoordinated movements. D : calm and uncoordinated movement. Correct Answer : C 31 : Five-day-old Max has his eyes closed and a breathing pattern that alternates between regularity and irregularity. This indicates that he is currently in the newborn state. A : alert inactivity B : waking activity C : crying D : sleeping Correct Answer : D 32 : Pain cries can usually be differentiated from basic or mad cries by their A : intensity. B : sudden onset. C : time of occurrence. D : relationship to REM. Correct Answer : B 33 : Experts define a mad cry as a A : less intense version of a pain cry. B : more intense version of a pain cry. C : less intense version of a basic cry. D : more intense version of a basic cry. Correct Answer : D 34 : What differentiates a basic cry from a mad cry? A : Mad cries are more intense. B : Basic cries are more intense. C : Mad cries have a more sudden onset. D : Basic cries have a more sudden onset. Correct Answer : A 35 : Lucia swaddles her baby in a blanket.. Luciaa is probably trying to A : stimulate the intellectual skills of her baby. B : prevent alert inactivity. C : prevent waking activity. D : get her baby to stop crying. Correct Answer : D 36 : A friend hears that you are in a developmental psychology course and asks you how long his newborn daughter is supposed to sleep. Being a very bright student, you would give the correct answer of A : 8-10 hours a day. B : 16-18 hours a day. C : 12-14 hours a day. D : 20-22 hours a day. Correct Answer : B 37 : Which statement concerning co-sleeping is accurate? A : It is most effective in cultures that value child self-reliance. B : It can facilitate breastfeeding. C : It seems to negatively affect child-parent bonding. D : It is done exclusively with mom. Correct Answer : B 38 : Three-week-old Lux is in a sleep state characterized by arm movements and grimaces. This would suggest that Lux is in sleep. A : rapid-eye-movement (REM) B : regular C : nonREM D : alert inactivity Correct Answer : A 39 : Benji is a 4-year-old who has a very difficult time falling asleep at night. According to the textbook, what is the best remedy for this problem? A : Make sure that Benji eats something soothing before going to bed. B : Keep Benji up later to make sure hes tired before going to bed. C : Engage Benji in rigorous exercise immediately before bedtime to make sure hes tired before going to bed. D : Develop a regular bedtime routine. Correct Answer : D 40 : Who is at greatest risk of falling victim to sudden infant death syndrome? A : Someone who is 3 months old B : Someone who is 9 months old C : Someone who is 2 years old D : Someone who is 5 years old Correct Answer : A 41 : The Back to Sleep campaign was aimed at reducing A : SIDS. B : nightmares. C : co-sleeping. D : malnutrition. Correct Answer : A 42 : Why are African American and Native American babies more likely to die from SIDS? A : Possibly because theyhey are more genetically predisposed to the disease. B : They are more likely to have blood diseases that predispose them to SIDS. C : Their parents are more likely to co-sleep with the baby. D : Possibly because they are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs. Correct Answer : D 43 : Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behavior toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr. Ramone is studying A : SIDS. B : temperament. C : theory of mind. D : waking activity. Correct Answer : B 44 : While doing a study of temperament, Dr. Taylor is studying how toddlers react when toys they are playing with are removed from their reach and placed on a high shelf. What dimension of temperament is Dr. Taylor most likely assessing? A : Activity level B : Persistence C : Inhibition D : Negative affect Correct Answer : D 45 : Carla is researching temperament by determining the extent to which different babies can focus attention and not be distracted. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing? A : Negative affect B : Effortful control C : Inhibition D : Persistence Correct Answer : B 46 : Even though he is only 20 days old, Cherokee appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behavior? A : A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in activity level. B : A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in negative affect. C : A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in surgency/extraversion. D : Temperament theory cannot explain his behavior. Correct Answer : C 47 : Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament? A : Activity B : Negative affect C : Effortful control D : Surgency Correct Answer : C 48 : Which statement regarding temperament is false? A : Toddlers in Asia often have lower levels of positive emotion. B : Toddlers in Asia often have more effortful control. C : Toddlers in Asia often have less effortful control. D : The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament. Correct Answer : C 49 : If Zade is shy when he is 2 years old, he is more likely to be when he is 4 years old. A : highly sociable B : happy C : argumentative D : shy Correct Answer : D 50 : Maria is a typical healthy 1-year-old who weighs 24 pounds. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight? A : 4 pounds B : 8 pounds C : 12 pounds D : 16 pounds Correct Answer : B 51 : Siroun is informed that both of her 1-year-old twin daughters are of normal weight. She is then informed that one weighs 16 pounds and the other weighs 26 pounds. How is this possible? A : One of the twins likely has Down syndrome. B : The daughters were likely misweighed. C : The normal weight range of 1-year-olds is very wide. D : The initial normal information was incorrect. Correct Answer : C 52 : Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth? A : Jose, who is 18 months old B : Sean, who is 6 years old C : Rudolf, who is just reaching puberty D : Elias, who is 19 years old Correct Answer : A 53 : Which child is most likely to be the shortest? A : Kristin, who has a tall father and a short mother B : Megan, who has a short father and a tall mother C : Kara, who has a tall mother and a tall father D : Melissa, who has a short father and a short mother Correct Answer : D 54 : If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to A : transition to solid food more easily. B : be constipated. C : be ill. D : be exposed to contaminants. Correct Answer : A 55 : Which piece of advice is most appropriate for individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding? A : Be careful, as the water used to prepare formula is often contaminated. B : Go for it, as there are very few risks associated with bottle-feeding. C : Great choice, as bottle-feeding is associated with less malnutrition. D : It doesnt matter whether you breastfeed or bottle-feed, as each technique impacts the child in an identical manner. Correct Answer : A 56 : UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in children under age 5 suffers from malnutrition. A : four B : six C : eight D : ten Correct Answer : A 57 : What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age 5? A : Mental retardation B : Lack of motor skills C : Small size D : Large head Correct Answer : C 58 : Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during A : adulthood. B : childhood. C : adolescence. D : infancy. Correct Answer : D 59 : Along with an improved diet, research indicates that is also necessary to foster a malnourished childs development. A : surgery B : parent training C : behavior modification D : medication Correct Answer : B 60 : Yvette is a malnourished child. If her parents are typical, they will probably A : become upset with Yvettes hyperactivity. B : interact less with Yvette because she is so lethargic. C : take more responsibility for making sure Yvette grows socially and psychologically. D : stop trying to feed Yvette. Correct Answer : B 61 : Transmitter is to receiver as A : dendrite is to cell body. B : axon is to dendrite. C : dendrite is to axon. D : cell body is to axon. Correct Answer : B 62 : Terminal buttons are located on which part of a neuron? A : The end of the dendrite B : Cell body C : Neurotransmitter D : The end of the axon Correct Answer : D 63 : Where are neurotransmitters stored until they are released? A : Terminal buttons B : Cell bodies C : Myelin D : The neural plate Correct Answer : A 64 : Each neuron contains many but only one . A : dendrites; terminal button B : dendrites; cell body C : terminal buttons; dendrite D : cell bodies; dendrite Correct Answer : B 65 : As a result of surgery, Graemes left and right cerebral hemispheres are no longer connected. Which part of Graemes brain was most likely the focus of the surgery? A : The cerebral cortex B : The dendrites C : The frontal cortex D : The corpus callosum Correct Answer : D 66 : Sheila is recovering from a serious stroke that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely? A : Sheilas left hemisphere will no longer be able to communicate with her right hemisphere. B : Sheila will have a difficult time breathing and seeing. C : Sheilas personality will be different. D : Sheila will have no more axons. Correct Answer : C 67 : Which item is least associated with the frontal cortex? A : Sadness B : Vision C : Happiness D : Planning Correct Answer : B 68 : While viewing a picture of a 3-week-old embryo, Dr. Pecoraro points to something and says, This flat structure will soon become a tube from which the brain and spinal cord will develop. Dr. Pecoraro is pointing at A : the neural plate. B : the corpus callosum. C : the frontal cortex. D : an axon. Correct Answer : A 69 : The neural plate ultimately forms the A : brain and spinal cord. B : spinal cord and the nervous system. C : nervous system and the skull. D : skull and the brain. Correct Answer : A 70 : Prior to birth, all layers of the major brain are formed. A : 6 B : 60 C : 600 D : 6,000 Correct Answer : A 71 : is (are) a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron. A : The corpus callosum B : The neural plate C : Cones D : Myelin Correct Answer : D 72 : Which best describes the impact of myelin on a neuron? A : It increases the number of dendrites it produces. B : It helps speed neural transmission. C : It prevents synaptic pruning. D : It enhances action in the terminal buttons. Correct Answer : B 73 : Whose brain is most likely to have the most synapses? A : Jerry, who is a newborn B : Elaine, who is 1 year old C : Kramer, who is 7 years old D : George, who is 14 years old Correct Answer : B 74 : While observing brain activity, Dr. Ogama proclaims, This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons. This indicates that the brain Dr. Ogama is studying is undergoing A : synaptic pruning. B : motion parallax. C : cephalocaudal development. D : dendritic expansion. Correct Answer : A 75 : If Nurse Ratched indicates that the procedure that is about to be performed on infant Ramon involves the use of metal electrodes, you would expect that the procedure is a(n) A : amniocentesis. B : functional magnetic resonance imaging. C : Apgar. D : electroencephalogram. Correct Answer : D 76 : Gina is studying how blood flows through the brain when people listen to different kinds of music. Which sort of research tool is she most likely using in her study? A : Electroencephalography B : Positron emission tomography C : Functional magnetic resonance imaging D : Synaptic pruning Correct Answer : C 77 : Your psychology professor asks you to assist her in her experiment. She is studying brain activity by monitoring blood flow to different areas of the brain. This indicates that your professor is most likely using in her study. A : an electroencephalogram B : functional magnetic resonance imaging C : a visual cliff D : a neural plate Correct Answer : B 78 : During an experiment, you record the brain activity of a child using an EEG. As a result of reading your text, you would predict that the left hemisphere would exhibit the most electrical activity when the child is A : looking at different faces. B : listening to someone talk. C : recognizing that her mother is angry. D : pushing a toy over her bed. Correct Answer : B 79 : Rory works with people who have suffered brain damage, helping them as they try to use different areas of the brain to perform the functions previously performed by the now-damaged areas. Rorys specialty would be best described as A : brain plasticity. B : synaptic pruning. C : neural plate studies. D : motor skills. Correct Answer : A 80 : Which phenomenon is the best argument against the notion that the organization of the brain is predetermined genetically? A : Synaptic pruning B : Development of the neural plate C : The left hemisphere specializing in language processing D : Brain plasticity Correct Answer : D 81 : The fact that brain wiring is organized by experiences common to humans is referred to as A : altered inactivity. B : experience-dependent growth. C : experience-expectant growth. D : waking activity. Correct Answer : C 82 : Which best exemplifies experience-expectant growth? A : The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development B : The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity C : The fact that abused children often experience depression D : The fact that by age 2, most children are about three feet tall Correct Answer : A 83 : How would 12-month-old Kenley locomote? A : She would say her first word. B : She would crawl around the room. C : She would cry when touching something hot. D : She would display eye movement while sleeping. Correct Answer : B 84 : Bridget is excellent at walking, running, climbing, and kicking balls. This would suggest that Bridget has good A : neuroplasticity. B : motor skills. C : temperament. D : sociability. Correct Answer : B 85 : What would be the best example of a fine motor skill? A : Crawling B : Feeding yourself with a spoon C : Running in a race D : Climbing to the top of a large hill Correct Answer : B 86 : Parker is a typical 7-month-old. In terms of locomotion, the best he is able to do is to A : creep. B : walk. C : sit alone. D : roll from back to front. Correct Answer : C 87 : Naomi, who has not seen her niece Wynonna since she was born, is surprised to see the 12-month-old standing upright and taking a few steps. In view of this accomplishment, Naomi realizes that Wynonna is now considered a(n) A : neonate. B : infant. C : toddler. D : preschooler. Correct Answer : C 88 : Twelve-month-old Callum is barely able to walk a few steps before losing his balance and falling down. What is the term that best describes Callums current ability to move around? A : Neuroplasticity B : Fine motor skills C : Differentiation D : Toddling Correct Answer : D 89 : If Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in A : the cerebral cortex. B : crawling and stepping. C : language development. D : temperament. Correct Answer : B 90 : Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that A : the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk. B : even very young infants can walk without assistance. C : infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (e.g., the treadmill). D : infants will refuse to attempt to walk if held upright. Correct Answer : A 91 : Infants are more likely to cross a bridge when it is wide and has a rigid handrail than when it is narrow and has a wobbly handrail.Which statement best explains this behavior? A : Infants use cues in the environment to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking. B : Infants use integration to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking. C : Infants use differentiation to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking. D : Infants use retinal disparity to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking. Correct Answer : C 92 : Which is the best example of differentiation? A : Jimmys legs have matured to the point where he is capable of walking. B : Tommy learns how to grasp a spoon before he can successfully use it to eat. C : Lisa combines reaching, grasping, and wrist rotation and successfully uses a spoon to eat. D : Rebecca learns how to swim before she learns to walk. Correct Answer : B 93 : Tomomi has mastered balancing, stepping, and the perceptual skills necessary to negotiate her way around. Putting all these skills together to enable her to walk is a process called A : integration. B : differentiation. C : retinal disparity. D : perception. Correct Answer : A 94 : In an effort to lower the age at which his infant son will begin to walk, Mr. Simmons puts eight-month-old Richard on a program that emphasizes leg strength. What is the most likely outcome of this intervention? A : It will have no impact. B : Richard will have superior leg strength but will not walk any earlier. C : Richard will have average leg strength but will not walk any earlier. D : Richard will have superior leg strength and will walk earlier. Correct Answer : D 95 : Which statement concerning culture and crawling is true? A : Most North American children are crawling at much younger ages than in past decades. B : There are no known cultures that discourage motor development. C : Because it is genetically programmed, experience does not impact the rate of the acquisition of crawling. D : In some traditional African cultures, children receive training to sit and walk at younger ages than in Europe and North America. Correct Answer : D 96 : Caleb is 4 months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with A : his fingers and thumb. B : his thumb only. C : his fingers only. D : one finger from each hand. Correct Answer : C 97 : Although they are often unsuccessful in getting the food into their mouths, many children first begin to experiment with finger foods around age A : 2 months. B : 6 months. C : 10 months. D : 14 months. Correct Answer : B 98 : Because Akosua is a typical 9-month-old, she is most likely to use A : her right hand. B : her left hand. C : her right and left hands interchangeably. D : her feet rather than her hands. Correct Answer : C 99 : What response would you expect if you attempted to hand toys to a typical 13-month-old infant? A : They would kick at the object before attempting to grasp it. B : They would first grasp the object with their left hand. C : They would first grasp the object with their right hand. D : They would make no attempt to grasp the object. Correct Answer : C 100 : Stewart is a 10-year-old boy growing up in England, and Moe is a 10-year-old boy growing up in the United States. What difference in handedness would you expect? A : It is most likely that Stewart is right-handed and Moe is left-handed. B : It is most likely that Stewart is left-handed and Moe is right-handed. C : Both are likely to be right-handed. D : Both are likely to be left-handed. Correct Answer : C 101 : What is the best evidence for the notion that sociocultural forces play a role in handedness? A : Only 10 percent of the population is left-handed. B : Right-handed parents tend to have right-handed offspring. C : When societal attitudes change, the incidence of left-handedness changes. D : In American culture, most desks and scissors and golf clubs are made for right-handers. Correct Answer : C 102 : The process by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses is referred to as A : perception. B : sensation. C : imagination. D : expansion. Correct Answer : A 103 : Which best describes a newborns sense of smell? A : Highly developed B : Crude but effective C : Exists but is not very useful D : Nonexistent Correct Answer : A 104 : Goldie offers her 10-day-old daughter, Kate, a taste of some juices she is sampling in the grocery store. Based on the fact that Kate is a typical infant, you would suspect that Kate preferred A : bitter to sweet and sour tastes. B : sour to sweet and bitter tastes. C : sweet to bitter and sour tastes. D : bitter and sour tastes to sweet. Correct Answer : C 105 : The Babinski reflex is evidence that infants A : can smell. B : are able to hear low-pitched sounds. C : experience pain. D : perceive touch. Correct Answer : D 106 : Nathan suddenly lets out a high-pitched cry, lowers his eyebrows, and purses his lips. You would be safest in assuming that Nathan is A : happy. B : cold. C : experiencing pain. D : playing peek-a-boo. Correct Answer : C 107 : Infants A : cannot experience pain. B : dont react to pain-inducing stimuli. C : produce a distinct pain cry. D : are much more sensitive to pain than teenagers. Correct Answer : C 108 : How would you respond to an expectant mother who claims that her 8-month-old fetus gets excited every time her unusually loud cellphone plays a custom ringtone of her recorded voice? A : You may be correct, because by that age, the fetus may actually be hearing your voice. B : It is likely gas, since fetuses cant hear until they are out of the womb. C : If what you say is true, you are likely carrying a female because they develop a sense of hearing before males. D : Since fetuses have no memory, there is no way they would only respond to a specific phrase. Correct Answer : A 109 : Infants tend to be able to A : hear tones lower than the human speech range better than adults. B : hear tones higher than the human speech range better than adults. C : pick out a sound from background noise, though not as skillfully as adults. D : all of these are correct Correct Answer : C 110 : Marcie sings the same lullaby to her infant son every night because she believes he has learned to recognize it. Does recent research support her claim? A : No. Her son may recognize her voice, but not a particular song. B : No. Research indicates he would not recognize Marcies voice or the song shes singing. C : Yes. Her son would be able to recognize a particular lullaby. D : Yes. But only if her child is genetically predisposed to excel in music. Correct Answer : C 111 : Traditional eye tests in which a person is shown a chart with a set of letters in a line that gets progressively smaller near the bottom of the chart are designed to directly assess A : visual acuity. B : depth perception. C : color blindness. D : field of vision. Correct Answer : A 112 : Dr. Quillan is measuring the point at which an infant can no longer differentiate between a striped-patterned stimulus and a gray square. Dr. Quillan is probably attempting to measure the infants A : depth perception. B : retinal disparity. C : visual acuity. D : ability to perceive different pitches. Correct Answer : C 113 : Which approach is used to help researchers assess infants visual acuity? A : Multi-colored objects B : Solid colored objects C : Striped objects D : Moving objects Correct Answer : C 114 : Dr. Snellen is planning a demonstration on infant visual perception for her developmental psychology class. In order to demonstrate the sharpness of an infants vision at 20 feet, Dr. Snellen should have students look at an object about feet away. A : B : C : 4050 D : 1520 Correct Answer : A 115 : Which childs visual acuity would have most recently matched that of an adult with 20/20 vision? A : John., who is 1 month old B : George, who is 1 year old C : Paul, who is 3 years old D : Pete, who is 6 years old Correct Answer : B 116 : Bruce and Kaitlin are expecting a baby girl, and are shopping for decorations for the nursery. Kaitlin is concerned about making sure that they buy colored decorations that will stimulate their newborn daughters A : cones. B : rods. C : kinetic cues. D : retinal disparity. Correct Answer : A 117 : Newborns A : are incapable of perceiving color. B : can perceive few colors. C : can perceive color as well as adults. D : can perceive more colors than most adults. Correct Answer : B 118 : About how old will an infant be when it can perceive the same colors adults perceive? A : 2 weeks old B : 4 months old C : 1 year old D : 6 years old Correct Answer : B 119 : After a one-year checkup, your physician comments, There has been virtually no development of the cones in your daughters visual system. What impact would this have? A : Your daughter would be blind. B : Your daughter would have no depth perception. C : Your daughter would have trouble tracking moving objects. D : Your daughter would have difficulty distinguishing colors. Correct Answer : D 120 : Dr. Helmholtz is studying the sensing of color by researching the structure and development of cones. Where does she need to look to find these structures? A : The retina of the eye B : The frontal lobes of the brain C : The rear lobes of the brain D : The pupil of the eye Correct Answer : A 121 : What infant response did Gibson and Walk (1960) measure in their visual cliff research? A : Heart rate B : Visual acuity C : Muscle tone D : Visual fixation Correct Answer : A 122 : You are being placed on a large piece of glass with a checkerboard-patterned platform underneath it. Your mother walks to the other side of this platform and calls for you to crawl to her. Many years later, you will discover that this was all part of an experiment to test your A : visual acuity. B : ability to recognize your mother. C : motor development. D : depth perception. Correct Answer : D 123 : A visual cliff is designed to assess A : gross-motor skills. B : rapid eye movement. C : cone development. D : depth perception. Correct Answer : D 124 : When Mia uses motion to determine the depth of an object, she is using a cue. A : pictorial B : retinal disparity C : kinetic D : visual expansion Correct Answer : C 125 : Ichiros mother is trying to teach him how to catch a ball. As the ball approaches Ichiro, it takes up more and more space on Ichiros retinas. Ichiro perceives the change in size to mean that the ball is getting closer to him rather than perceiving it to mean the ball is getting larger. Which term does the best job of describing this phenomenon? A : Texture gradient B : Linear perspective C : Motion parallax D : Visual expansion Correct Answer : D 126 : If asked to identify a kinetic cue to depth, you should say, A : visual expansion. B : retinal disparity. C : linear perspective. D : experience-expectancy. Correct Answer : A 127 : A judgment of depth using motion parallax relies heavily on the of an object. A : color B : speed C : size D : shape Correct Answer : B 128 : Which 1-year-old would not be able to utilize binocular disparity to perceive depth? A : Bingo, who was born color blind B : Bango, who was born blind in one eye C : Bongo, who was born one month premature D : Irving, who has the acuity of a typical six-month-old Correct Answer : B 129 : If the image of a person is identical on the retinas of a child, but the image of a dog is much different on the left retina than it is on the right, this means that the child will perceive the A : dog to be closer than the person. B : person to be closer than the dog. C : person and the dog to be very close. D : person and the dog to be far away. Correct Answer : A 130 : Which is considered a pictorial cue to depth? A : Visual expansion B : Texture gradient C : Retinal disparity D : Motion parallax Correct Answer : B 131 : Wendell can tell that the trees on the mountain are very far away, because rather than being able to see individual trees and the spaces between them, he just perceives a big green patch. Which depth cue best describes this? A : Linear perspective B : Visual expansion C : Texture gradient D : Motion parallax Correct Answer : C 132 : Gina perceives the car to be far away because the sides of the road upon which it is moving seem to come together to be no wider than the car itself. This is an example of the cue to depth. A : visual acuity B : texture gradient C : retinal disparity D : linear perspective Correct Answer : D 133 : Recent research indicates that newborns have a natural attraction for tracking A : a moving face. B : all face-like stimuli. C : only the faces of their biological mothers. D : faces of certain types of animals (e.g., dogs, cats). Correct Answer : A 134 : The fact that 6-month-olds will look for long periods of time at toys they previously had only been able to touch suggests that infants A : demonstrate visual acuity. B : demonstrate the use of retinal disparity. C : are able to integrate visual and tactile information. D : cannot integrate tactile sensations as readily as auditory sensations. Correct Answer : C 135 : What is an example of intersensory redundancy? A : Noticing the shirt your mother is wearing while listening to a portable CD player B : Observing your mother while listening to her talk C : Brushing your mothers hair while you talk to her D : Listening to several voices at the same time Correct Answer : B 136 : The fact that an infants perception of a stimulus is best if it stimulates more than one sense simultaneously is best described as A : SIDS. B : differentiation. C : intersensory redundancy. D : theory of mind. Correct Answer : C 137 : Nou Ka is putting red marks on the noses of infants and placing them in front of a mirror to see how they respond. What is Nou Ka most likely researching? A : Visual acuity B : Motional parallax C : Self-awareness D : Retinal disparity Correct Answer : C 138 : Evan is a normal subject in a self-awareness study who has just begun to recognize himself in mirrors and pictures. It is most likely that Evan is about old. A : 3 months B : 6 months C : 12 months D : 18 months Correct Answer : D 139 : If Donna is a normal 3-year-old, her definition of herself will consist largely of her A : beliefs. B : feelings. C : family. D : possessions. Correct Answer : D 140 : At about the age of 4, children begin to realize that a persons actions are often connected to the thoughts that he or she has. What kind of task is often used to determine when children grasp this concept? A : Intersensory redundancy tasks B : Synaptic pruning tasks C : Dynamic systems theory tasks D : False-belief tasks Correct Answer : D 141 : Jeffrey is a 3-year-old diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder who does not make connections between peoples thoughts, intentions, and behaviors. Jeffery may be experiencing A : mindblindness B : temper blindness C : color blindness. D : inattentional blindness. Correct Answer : A ESSAY 142 : Compare and contrast the Babinski and Moro reflexive responses. Correct Answer : The Babinski and Moro reflexes disappear during the first year of development, can be used to assess neurodevelopment, appear to be related to evolutionary needs, and are no longer applicable in an infant’s world. They differ in that the Babinski reflex lasts about six months longer and they reflect different parts of the body (Babinski = feet, Moro = arms) 143 : Bruce and Wayne are twins. They are both assessed with Rothbarts three dimensions of temperament. Bruce scored low on surgency/extroversion and Wayne scored high. Bruce scored low on negative affect and Wayne scored high. Bruce scored high on effortful control and Wayne scored low. Given this information, how would you describe the characteristics displayed by each of the twins.? Correct Answer : Surgency/extroversion: Bruce is generally happy, active, and vocal and regularly seeks interesting stimulation; Wayne is generally sad, inactive, quiet, and introverted. Negative affect: Bruce is patient, confident, social, and content; Wayne is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed. Effortful control: Bruce can focus his attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses; Wayne is inattentive, easily distracted, and shows little ability to control his responses. 144 : The debate between bottle-feeding and breastfeeding has raged for decades. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options. Correct Answer : Breast-feeding is the best way to ensure that babies get the nourishment they need. Human milk contains the proper amounts of carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, and minerals for babies. Breastfed babies are ill less often than bottle-fed babies because breast milk contains the mother’s antibodies. Breastfed babies are less prone to diarrhea and constipation. Breastfed babies typically make the transition to solid foods more easily than bottle- fed babies. Breast milk cannot be contaminated, which is a significant problem in developing countries when formula is used to bottle-feed babies. One advantage of bottle-feeding is that other family members can participate in the feeding. Also, mothers who cannot readily breastfeed can still enjoy the intimacy of feeding their babies. 145 : Describe changes in the physiology of the brain during the first year of a babys life. Correct Answer : During a baby’s first year of life, the number of neurons grows to nearly its maximum, myelinization begins and the weight of the brain increases, the number of synapses reaches its maximum, regions of the brain are becoming specialized, and the speed of processing is increasing. 146 : Describe how the seemingly contrary concepts of brain plasticity and synaptic pruning are both beneficial to development. Correct Answer : The immature brain’s greater plasticity is beneficial when the normal course of brain development is disrupted by an injury or by deprivation of some essential ingredients of successful brain development. For example, someone with an injury to the left hemisphere of the brain and who has suffered an impairment in language skills can recover their language skills when other neurons take over language-related processing from the damaged neuron. Synaptic pruning is the gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescence. This process is beneficial in weeding out unnecessary connections between neurons. 147 : Use differentiation and integration in describing how an infant might learn to walk. Correct Answer : Mastery of intricate motions such as walking requires both differentiation (mastery of component skills) and integration (combining the motions in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole). Before walking, a child must first master individual skills (differentiation) such as maintaining an upright posture, maintaining balance, and moving the legs alternately. Walking requires putting all of the individual skills together (integration) to move about the world successfully. 148 : Describe early motor skill development by focusing on the topics of grasping and handedness. Correct Answer : Grasping requires the infant to coordinate movements of individual fingers to grab an object. Most 4-month-olds use their fingers to hold objects. At 7 or 8 months, infants use their thumbs to hold objects. By 12 months, babies can adjust their hand’s orientation and the number of fingers they use to grasp an object. Handedness describes how many or which hands are used to grasp objects. At 4 months, infants use both hands to grab for objects. At about 5 to 6 months, infants can coordinate the motions of their hands so that each hand performs different actions that serve a common goal. By 12 months of age, children reach for most objects with one hand. 149 : Describe the notion of intersensory redundancy. How might knowledge of this be useful to the parent of a new infant? Correct Answer : Intersensory redundancy refers to the fact that infants’ sensory systems are attuned to information presented simultaneously to different sensory modes. Infants are more likely to attend to information that is presented in multiple senses. When an infant sees and hears the mother clapping (visual and auditory information), the child focuses on the information conveyed to both senses and pays less attention to information that is only available in one sense, such as the color of the mother’s nail polish. This information is useful to parents because learning will occur faster when information is presented in multiple sensory modes. 150 : Describe how developmental psychologists determine whether infants have a sense of self. Correct Answer : Developmental psychologists infer that infants have a sense of self when they see themselves in a mirror with a red mark on their nose and reach up and touch their own nose. Children that do not have a sense of self will reach toward the image they see in the mirror, suggesting the child does not recognize that the image in the mirror with the red mark on its nose. 151 : Describe Wellmans phases of theory of mind and provide an example that illustrates the behaviors associated with each phase. Correct Answer : Henry Wellman (2014), believes that children’s theory of mind moves through several phases during the preschool years. In the earliest phase, preschoolers understand that people can have different desires (e.g., one child might want raisins for a snack while another child wants crackers). In the next phase, children know that people can have different beliefs (e.g., in trying to find a missing shoe, one child might believe that the shoe is in the kitchen while another child believes that it’s in the car). In the third phase, children understand that different experiences can lead to different states of knowledge (e.g., a child who has seen a toy hidden in a drawer knows what’s in the now-closed drawer, but a child who did not see the toy hidden does not know). The next phase represents a fundamental shift in children’s theory of mind: Children understand that behavior is based on a person’s beliefs about events and situations, even when those beliefs are wrong as illustrated in false belief tasks. In the final phase, children understand that people may feel one emotion but show another. For example, a child who is disappointed by a birthday present smiles anyway because she doesn’t want her parents to know how she really feels.