Chapter 08 Human Development A Lifespan View 1 ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

Chapter 08 Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS TRUE/FALSE 1 : Girls tend to begin puberty before boys. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 2 : Myelination of the brain increases during adolescence. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 3 : All regions of the brain mature at the same time. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 4 : The pituitary gland regulates puberty changes by signaling other glands to release hormones. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 5 : The onset of puberty can be influenced by ones environment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : The moodiness often seen in teenagers is best explained in terms of raging hormones. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 7 : Early maturation tends to have negative effects for males. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 8 : Body mass index is based on both weight and height. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 9 : Adolescents who do not sleep enough tend to gain weight. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : A defining characteristic of anorexia nervosa is an uncontrollable binge-purge pattern. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 11 : In the United States, most teenage girls die in motor vehicle accidents or by natural causes. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : Most teenagers achieve adult-like levels of processing speed during adolescence. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 13 : The adolescent brain tends to have more mature pleasure-seeking systems and less advanced systems for controlling behavior. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 14 : Increases in content knowledge during adolescence result in advances in the ability to identify strategies appropriate for solving specific tasks. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 15 : Adolescents tend to rely less on heuristics and more on analytical problem-solving. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 16 : Adolescents beliefs can interfere with effective thinking. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 17 : Interpersonal norms are found at Kohlbergs postconventional level of moral reasoning. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 18 : In Kohlbergs model, stage three moral reasoning involves universal ethical principles. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 19 : In the Hindu religion, a great emphasis is placed on responsibility to others. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A MULTIPLE CHOICE 20 : is best defined as physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood. A : Puberty B : Menopause C : Primary circular reactions D : Secondary circular reactions Correct Answer : A 21 : The two general types of physical development associated with puberty include: A : lower self-esteem and bodily changes. B : physical changes and sexual maturation. C : sexual maturation and formal operational thinking. D : formal operational thinking and lower self-esteem. Correct Answer : B 22 : From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years? A : Ginger, who is 2 years old B : Grant, who is 6 years old C : Tina, who is 11 years old D : Louise, who is 14 years old Correct Answer : C 23 : Who would be most likely to have just achieved close to her full adult stature? A : Meg, who is 12 years old B : Beth, who is 15 years old C : Josephine, who is 18 years old D : Amy, who is 21 years old Correct Answer : B 24 : In a typically developing adolescent experiencing puberty, you would expect that his or her would be the last body area to grow. A : head B : feet C : legs D : trunk Correct Answer : D 25 : A sex difference during puberty involves the fact that is greater for girls than boys. A : muscle development B : body fat C : lung capacity D : heart capacity Correct Answer : B 26 : During adolescence: A : both brain myelination and synaptic pruning first begin. B : brain myelination first begins and synaptic pruning nears completion. C : brain myelination nears completion and synaptic pruning first begins. D : both brain myelination and synaptic pruning near completion. Correct Answer : D 27 : The maturation of the during adolescence lags behind the maturation of . A : systems that are sensitive to reward; systems responsible for self-control B : systems responsible for self-control; systems that are sensitive to reward C : systems responsible for synaptic pruning; systems for myelination D : systems for myelination; systems responsible for synaptic pruning Correct Answer : B 28 : Primary sex characteristic changes are those directly impacting: A : reproduction. B : height. C : intelligence. D : personality. Correct Answer : A 29 : Which adolescent is experiencing a change in his primary sex characteristics? A : Truman, who now has facial hair B : Hank, who has begun to produce sperm C : Stanley, who has begun to talk in a deeper voice D : Olaf, who now has broader shoulders Correct Answer : B 30 : During puberty, changes in physical maturity that are not directly linked to reproduction are referred to as sex characteristics. A : primary B : secondary C : tertiary D : instrumental Correct Answer : B 31 : How many of the following are considered secondary sex characteristics: growth of facial hair in boys, development of a functional uterus in girls, voice change in boys, and broadening of shoulders in girls? A : one B : two C : three D : four Correct Answer : C 32 : Menarche is best described as the onset of: A : puberty. B : pubic hair. C : menstruation. D : body growth. Correct Answer : C 33 : Who is experiencing the first indicator of the onset of puberty in a typical female? A : Mary, whose pubic hair has started to grow B : Carrie, who has just begun to menstruate C : Geri, whose breasts have started to grow D : Terri, who has just begun to ovulate Correct Answer : C 34 : Who is experiencing the first indicator of the onset of puberty in males? A : Theon, whose testes have started to grow B : Jamie, whose pubic hair has started to grow C : Tyrion, who is experiencing a growth spurt D : Jon, whose penis has started to grow Correct Answer : A 35 : Which event defines spermarche? A : The production of sperm B : The ejaculation of sperm C : The original meiosis of sperm D : The implantation of sperm into an egg Correct Answer : B 36 : Which statement concerning the timing of puberty in males and females is true? A : The onset of menarche in females typically occurs a few years prior to the typical onset of spermarche in males. B : The onset of menarche in females typically occurs a few years after to the typical onset of spermarche in males. C : The onset of menarche in females typically occurs around the same time as the onset of spermarche in males. D : The onset of menarche in females typically occurs almost a decade after the typical onset of spermarche in males. Correct Answer : C 37 : Menarche is to spermarche as is to . A : onset of menstruation; ejaculation B : egg production; sperm production C : ovulation; testes growth D : fertilization; conception Correct Answer : A 38 : A key physical component of puberty is the gland, which regulates pubertal changes by signaling other glands to secrete hormones. A : thyroid B : adrenal C : pituitary D : pineal Correct Answer : C 39 : Estrogen is directly released by the: A : pituitary gland. B : ovaries. C : adrenal gland. D : testes. Correct Answer : B 40 : If asked to identify where the hormone that causes the maturation of the genitals in females comes from, you should say: A : the pituitary gland. B : the ovaries. C : the fallopian tube. D : the adrenal gland. Correct Answer : B 41 : Estrogen is to androgen as is to . A : sperm; egg B : ovary; testis C : male; female D : ejaculation; menarche. Correct Answer : B 42 : Which statement is TRUE? A : Estrogen is found only in females, and androgens are found only in males. B : Estrogen is found only in males, and androgens are found only in females. C : During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at the same levels in adolescent males and females. D : During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at different levels in adolescent males and females. Correct Answer : D 43 : Robin is a 13-year-old who is currently experiencing puberty. During the past few months, his testes have released a small amount of estrogen. What is the most likely outcome of this hormonal activity? A : Robin will begin to ovulate. B : Robin will begin to have enlarged testicles. C : Robin will begin to experience some breast development. D : Robin will show no impact because testes are incapable of producing estrogen. Correct Answer : C 44 : Which factor seems to be strongly involved in the timing of menarche? A : Parenting skills B : Nutrition C : Education D : Birth order Correct Answer : B 45 : Which statement best describes the connection between environmental stress and maturation in girls? A : Puberty occurs earlier in girls who have experienced chronic stress. B : Puberty occurs later in girls who have experienced chronic stress. C : The onset of puberty in girls is determined genetically, thus stress has no effect on the timing of puberty. D : The effects of stress on maturation in girls are unknown. Correct Answer : A 46 : Which best describes the typical response to body image during puberty? A : Females worry more about appearance, but males are more dissatisfied with their appearance. B : Males worry more about appearance, but females are more dissatisfied with their appearance. C : Males worry more about appearance and are more dissatisfied with their appearance. D : Females worry more about appearance and are more dissatisfied with their appearance. Correct Answer : D 47 : Upon experiencing spermarche, most boys: A : rarely tell parents or friends about this new development. B : usually tell their mothers. C : usually tell their friends. D : are unaware of what a spontaneous ejaculation means. Correct Answer : A 48 : Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to: A : raging hormone levels. B : changes in social settings and activities. C : negative verbal interactions with his parents. D : concern over his changing body. Correct Answer : B 49 : Who is most likely to suffer the most negative psychological consequences as a result of the timing of maturation? A : Josh, an early-maturing male B : Robin, an early-maturing female C : Patty, a late-maturing female D : Arthur, a late-maturing male Correct Answer : B 50 : Early maturation has been shown to increase in females. A : smoking and drinking B : popularity C : happiness D : self-confidence Correct Answer : A 51 : The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by: A : hormone replacement therapy. B : having supportive parents. C : possessing a strong personal fable. D : hanging around with older males. Correct Answer : B 52 : Early-maturing boys are more at risk for: A : being pressured into sex. B : requiring hormone replacement therapy. C : attention deficit disorder. D : depression. Correct Answer : D 53 : A typical teenage girl should consume approximately calories each day. A : 1,200 B : 1,700 C : 2,200 D : 2,700 Correct Answer : C 54 : Concerning hemoglobin levels, during the teen years: A : boys need more and girls need less. B : girls need more and boys need less. C : both boys and girls need more. D : both boys and girls need less. Correct Answer : C 55 : As a typical U.S. teen, Amber is most likely consuming: A : too few calories and too little iron. B : too many calories and too little iron. C : too few calories and too much iron. D : too many calories and too much iron. Correct Answer : B 56 : Currently, in the United States, about one in A : three B : five C : six D : nine Correct Answer : B adolescents is overweight. 57 : Concerning weight, the abbreviation BMI stands for: A : base metabolic indices. B : body metabolic indices. C : base mass index. D : body mass index. Correct Answer : D 58 : Overweight teens are most at risk for developing A : osteoporosis B : sickle-cell disease C : Huntingtons disease D : diabetes Correct Answer : D later in life. 59 : Orson is 13 years old and classified as overweight. Which statement is most likely to be TRUE? A : Orson is unpopular with his peers. B : Orson has high self-esteem. C : Orson has little risk for medical problems. D : Orson has a faster-than-normal basal metabolic rate. Correct Answer : A 60 : Fifteen-year-old Kristi was adopted when she was an infant. Her adult weight is best predicted by the: A : weight of her adoptive parents. B : average weight of individuals in her age-cohort group. C : weight of her biological parents. D : average weight of her adoptive siblings. Correct Answer : C 61 : Parents may contribute to the likelihood of their children becoming obese by: A : encouraging them to get 910 hours of sleep each night. B : encouraging them to be more physically active. C : encouraging them to rely on external eating signals. D : encouraging them to rely on internal cues to eat. Correct Answer : C 62 : Which characteristic is LEAST associated with child and adolescent obesity? A : High blood pressure B : Diabetes C : Popularity D : Having overweight parents Correct Answer : C 63 : Genetic influence on obesity can cause some adolescents to be: A : more influenced by television ads B : less able to convert fat to fuel. C : far thinner than their parents. D : estrogen deficient. Correct Answer : B 64 : Programs that effectively assist obese children in losing weight tend to: A : emphasize the need to follow external cues when deciding when to eat. B : encourage children to become more sedentary. C : totally eliminate meat from their diets. D : focus on changing childrens eating habits and encouraging them to become more active. Correct Answer : D 65 : Which parental action would be the most effective to discourage obesity in his or her children? A : Teach them the importance of avoiding meat B : Downplay the taste of food C : Encourage them to lose weight quickly D : Help them set realistic goals Correct Answer : D 66 : Carrie exhibits anorexia nervosa. When she looks in a mirror, she is most likely thinking: A : Im really starting to get thin! B : Im so fat! C : Im beautiful compared to those ugly women on television! D : Im going to have to start eating a little more! Correct Answer : B 67 : is one of the defining characteristics of anorexia nervosa. A : The persistent refusal to eat B : A cyclic binge-and-purge pattern C : A rational fear of obesity D : An inhibited basal metabolic rate Correct Answer : A 68 : What is a defining characteristic of anorexia nervosa? A : Binge eating B : Increased body mass index C : Purging through vomiting D : An irrational fear of being overweight Correct Answer : D 69 : The defining characteristic of bulimia nervosa involves: A : a binge-purge eating pattern. B : weight loss. C : a distorted body image. D : an irrational fear of obesity. Correct Answer : A 70 : Which teenager is at the greatest risk for developing anorexia or bulimia? A : Ivy, who has internalized the thin body image that is often thought to be ideal in Western cultures B : Rose, who is intellectually gifted and enjoys outdoor activities like hiking and rock climbing C : Daisy, who never worried about dieting when she was young D : Petunia, who has a grandmother with bipolar disorder Correct Answer : A 71 : How many of these are risk factors for teenagers developing either bulimia or anorexia: being overly concerned about body image, heredity, adverse life experiences, high self-esteem, frequently watching television shows with overweight characters? A : one B : two C : three D : four Correct Answer : C 72 : About 1 in individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder is male. A : 3 B : 5 C : 10 D : 20 Correct Answer : C 73 : You are asked to develop an effective prevention program concerning eating disorders in teens. What approach should you take? A : Utilize psychoactive medication. B : Avoid teaching about specific diets. C : Create a highly structured environment in which the teens have little personal input. D : Teach the importance of resisting the social pressure to be thin. Correct Answer : D 74 : One way to reduce the incidence of obesity in adolescence is to have teens engage in regular activity. Which of these defines such activity? A : Exercise must last for at least 60 minutes, two times per week. B : Exercise must occur at least five times a week. C : Exercise must burn at least 250 calories. D : Exercise must last for 30 minutes, three times per week. Correct Answer : D 75 : Lindsey is hesitant about letting her teenage daughter Davenport participate in sports because she has heard that most youth who participate in sports end up injured. What is the most accurate assessment of Lindseys thoughts? A : She is absolutely right, because about 70% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention. B : She is kind of correct, because about 40% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention. C : She is fairly incorrect, because about 15% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention. D : She is totally wrong, because only about 1% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention. Correct Answer : C 76 : Anabolic steroids are most chemically similar to: A : cocaine. B : estrogen. C : testosterone. D : Ritalin. Correct Answer : C 77 : In order to enhance his baseball performance, Lyle has been taking steroids. In recent months, he has begun to experience some medical problems. Which of his problems would be LEAST likely to be the result of steroid use? A : Cancer B : Cardiovascular disease C : Mental health problems D : Osteoporosis Correct Answer : D 78 : In the United States, about out of every 2,000 adolescents dies each year. A : 1 B : 5 C : 10 D : 25 Correct Answer : A 79 : Based on statistics, which of these is most common cause of death to a teenager? A : An accident involving a motor vehicle B : Incidents involving firearms C : Incidents involving suicide D : A cancer diagnosis Correct Answer : A 80 : Typical American teenagers tend to: A : underestimate the danger of most risky behaviors and overestimate the likelihood that they will experience these consequences. B : overestimate the danger of most risky behaviors and underestimate the likelihood that they will experience these consequences. C : underestimate the danger of most risky behaviors as well as the likelihood that they will experience these consequences. D : overestimate the danger of most risky behaviors as well as the likelihood that they will experience these consequences. Correct Answer : C 81 : The illusion of invulnerability is best demonstrated by: A : postconventional thinking about sex. B : unprotected sex by teens. C : a girls first menstrual cycle. D : male masturbation. Correct Answer : B 82 : The illusion of invulnerability is best defined by the phrase: A : it wont happen to me. B : slow and steady wins the race. C : once bitten, twice shy. D : nothing is worth the risk of dying. Correct Answer : A 83 : Which statement BEST describes the neurological explanation for risk-taking behavior in teens? A : Myelination of the temporal lobe results in poor decision-making. B : Due to neurotic pruning, the pleasure centers of the brain become super-charged. C : Estrogen and testosterone act like cocaine in the brain. D : The pleasure areas develop prior to the areas that control behavior. Correct Answer : D 84 : Which statement concerning cognitive development in adolescence is TRUE? A : Working memory and processing speed are more childlike than adultlike. B : Working memory becomes adultlike, but processing speed remains childlike. C : Processing speed becomes adultlike, but working memory remains childlike. D : Working memory and processing speed are more adultlike than childlike. Correct Answer : D 85 : Which concept describes the development of processing speed between ages 8 and 18? A : Time needed to respond decreases at a consistent rate. B : Time needed to respond decreases for the first years and then levels off. C : Time needed to respond is constant for the first years and then decreases significantly. D : Time needed to respond increases at a consistent rate. Correct Answer : B 86 : Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge? A : Increased ability to identify strategies appropriate for a specific task B : Increased memory capacity C : Increased processing speed D : Increased metacognitive skills Correct Answer : A 87 : Heuristics tend to be very: A : sophisticated. B : fast. C : accurate. D : analytical. Correct Answer : B 88 : Chris is 17 and his brother Liam is 10. When trying to pick the winner of a violent competition: A : Chris will be more analytic, and Liam will be likely to use a heuristic. B : Liam will be more analytic, and Chris will be likely to use a heuristic. C : Chris will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Liam will be likely to use a universal ethical principle. D : Liam will be more likely to use postconventional thinking, and Chris will be likely to use a universal ethical principle. Correct Answer : A 89 : Adolescents develop reasoning, which allows them to find weaknesses in arguments. A : heuristic B : logical C : egocentric D : inflative Correct Answer : B 90 : In reasoning, adolescents recognize the hazards in making generalizations from extremely small samples. A : scientific B : heuristic C : logical D : formal operations Correct Answer : A 91 : While spending a day at Funtasia amusement park with their family, Polly (age 5) and her sister Dinah (age 15) met Funder Dog, the theme park mascot, who gave them both a hug and waited patiently for both girls to take selfies with him. When drawing conclusions about theme park mascots: A : both Polly and Dinah will conclude that all theme park mascots are friendly. B : both Polly and Dinah will be wary of concluding that all theme park mascots are friendly. C : Dinah will conclude that all theme park mascots are friendly, and Polly will be wary of concluding that all theme park mascots are friendly. D : Polly will conclude that all theme park mascots are friendly, and Dinah will be wary of concluding that all theme park mascots are friendly. Correct Answer : D 92 : Fourteen-year-old Jean-Claude, an avid video game player, reads a flawed study showing that video game players are smarter than most people. Then he reads a second study with similar flaws proposing that video game players are poor leaders. What would you predict will happen? A : He would overlook the flaws in the first study and dismiss the findings of the second study. B : He would now believe that video game players are poor leaders. C : He would now believe that video game players are both smarter and poor leaders. D : He would dismiss the findings of the first study and overlook the flaws in the second study. Correct Answer : A 93 : As a typical young teen, Maurice would be best at detecting flaws in arguments. A : heuristic B : logical C : post operational D : egocentric Correct Answer : B 94 : What would you predict would happen when Walt, a white supremacist teen, reads a scientific study indicating that Asians have higher IQs than whites? A : He would begin to reconsider his anti-Asian stance. B : He would dismiss the study as being flawed. C : He would now view Asians as more intelligent. D : He would now view Asians as even less intelligent. Correct Answer : B 95 : What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking? A : He presented participants with moral dilemmas. B : He observed moral behavior in laboratory experiments. C : He observed moral behavior in real-life experiments. D : He reviewed newspaper accounts on acts of bravery and acts of violence. Correct Answer : A 96 : In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Jean Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act? A : Kohlberg would not be surprised because he saw humans as morally corrupt. B : Kohlberg would argue that the act of theft is not in and of itself immoral, depending on the rationale for the theft. C : Kohlberg would have expected the theft if the child were Valjeans, but not if the child belonged to someone else. D : Kohlberg would have expected the theft, but only if Valjean were operating at the lowest level of moral reasoning. Correct Answer : B 97 : According to Kohlberg: A : there is only one correct response to any moral dilemma. B : religious arguments concerning moral issues are the strongest. C : the reason underlying a moral decision is more important than the action taken. D : moral reasoning is too complex to be accurately assessed. Correct Answer : C 98 : What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma? A : Are humans naturally violent or passive? B : Can stealing be justified? C : Is there a God? D : Is there a basis for the concept of race? Correct Answer : B 99 : According to Kohlbergs original theory, there are levels of moral reasoning, each containing stages. A : two; two B : three; two C : two; three D : three; three Correct Answer : B 100 : Kohlberg used the label when referring to the first level of moral reasoning. A : preoperational B : prepositional C : preconventional D : prepubertal Correct Answer : C 101 : Preconventional moral reasoning is based on forces. A : internal B : biological C : innate D : external Correct Answer : D 102 : When asked how he makes moral judgments, 15-year-old Solomon says, I do what my father says is right. This comment indicates that he is in the level of moral thinking. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : A 103 : A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on when making a moral judgment. A : adherence to laws B : adherence to a personal moral code C : obedience to authority D : random guessing Correct Answer : C 104 : Moral reasoning based on instrumental orientation tends to occur at the level of moral thinking. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : A 105 : When considering the Heinz dilemma, Joaquin says that he would not steal the drug because his mommy told him that stealing was wrong, and people who steal get into trouble. This consideration indicates that Joaquin is most likely in Kohlbergs stage of moral development. A : first B : second C : third D : fourth Correct Answer : A 106 : When considering whether or not to be nice to a classmate, Christina says, If I am nice to Kelly,, she might reply the next time I take a snap and send it to her. This type of logic best exemplifies thinking at Kohlbergs stage of moral reasoning. A : first B : second C : third D : fourth Correct Answer : B 107 : When considering the Heinz dilemma, Barney says that he would steal the drug because then his wife might bake him a cake to repay him for saving her. This thinking indicates that Barney is most likely in Kohlbergs stage of moral development. A : second B : third C : fourth D : fifth Correct Answer : A 108 : When discussing the Heinz dilemma, a decision based on would indicate that a person is at the instrumental orientation stage of moral reasoning. A : current laws concerning stealing B : a universal moral code C : obedience to an authority figure D : how stealing the drug might create inconveniences to ones self Correct Answer : D 109 : Jacksons statement, My moral compass is based on the simple premise that one must always adhere to social norms indicates that he is operating at the level of moral reasoning. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : B 110 : Which of Kohlbergs levels places the greatest emphasis on morality as a function of the expectations others hold toward you? A : Preconventional B : Conventional C : Postconventional D : Unconventional Correct Answer : B 111 : The phrase good girl and good boy is best associated with Kohlbergs stage of moral thinking. A : first B : second C : third D : fourth Correct Answer : C 112 : Karen thinks she should go out with Blane, an unattractive, social misfit, because If I dont go out with him, people will think Im really mean. Karen is most likely in Kohlbergs level of moral reasoning. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : B 113 : When Dwayne and Vin are debating whether or not to steal a cool car they just found, Dwayne says, Its wrong to steal the car because there are laws against stealing, and no one is above the law. This type of thinking best fits with Kohlbergs level of moral thinking. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : B 114 : When discussing the Heinz dilemma, Lindsey says, I wouldnt steal the drug because I would not want anyone thinking of me as a thief. This type of logic best fits with Kohlbergs stage of moral reasoning. A : first B : second C : third D : fourth Correct Answer : C 115 : Morality based on adherence to societal law and order is best associated with Kohlbergs stage of moral thinking. A : second B : third C : fourth D : fifth Correct Answer : A 116 : Postconventional moral thinking is characterized by judgments made according to a(n): A : personal code of behavior. B : set of societys laws. C : list of parental dos and donts. D : egocentric self-schema. Correct Answer : A 117 : When discussing the Heinz dilemma, Nancy says, I would steal the drug, because when they marry, a husband promises to love, cherish, and protect his wife until death do they part. Thus, it is his social responsibility to steal the drug to help his wife. This type of response best fits with the stage in Kohlbergs model of moral development. A : second B : third C : fourth D : fifth Correct Answer : C 118 : Moral reasoning based on social contracts is best identified with Kohlbergs stage of moral reasoning. A : third B : fourth C : fifth D : sixth Correct Answer : C 119 : When considering the Heinz dilemma, Jefferson says, You cannot justify theft, because if you do, it will lead to social anarchy. This statement best matches the logic of someone at Kohlbergs level of moral development. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : C 120 : According to Kohlberg, abstract notions of justice or equity are examples of: A : preconventional thought. B : social norms. C : universal ethical principles. D : social contracts. Correct Answer : C 121 : When considering the issue of euthanasia, Jack says, I know that killing is wrong, but I believe that compassion is sometimes more important than the law. This statement suggests that Jack is thinking at Kohlbergs level. A : preconventional B : conventional C : postconventional D : unconventional Correct Answer : C 122 : In Kohlbergs stage of moral development, principles like compassion and justice come to underlie moral decision making. A : third B : fourth C : fifth D : sixth Correct Answer : D 123 : According to Kohlbergs model of moral reasoning: A : morality based on obedience to authority is superior to that based on living up to expectations of others. B : morality based on living up to others expectations is superior to that based on adherence to a valid social contract. C : morality based on following rules to maintain social order is superior to that based on nice behaviors being exchanged for future favors. D : morality based on following rules to maintain social order is superior to that based on a personal moral system reliant on abstract principles. Correct Answer : C 124 : The story of Oskar Schindler provides an interesting personal example of moral development. In Schindlers case, his change in motivation from one of profit to one of saving lives represents a change that Kohlberg would say moves from thinking to thinking. A : preconventional; conventional B : preconventional; postconventional C : postconventional; conventional D : postconventional; preconventional Correct Answer : B 125 : Kohlberg believed that moral reasoning was consistent. Research has revealed that moral reasoning is: A : inconsistent. B : consistent. C : universal across cultures. D : consistent in adults but not children. Correct Answer : A 126 : Research indicates that most individuals progression through Kohlbergs stages is . A : haphazard. B : in sequence. C : gender-specific. D : dependent on self-esteem. Correct Answer : B 127 : At which age are most people operating at the postconventional level of moral reasoning? A : Adults B : Adolescents C : A good portion of adolescents and adults develop this level of thinking. D : Adolescents and adults may both operate at this level depending on cultural influences. Correct Answer : D 128 : Kohlberg proposed that stages of moral reasoning: A : do not predict moral behavior. B : form an invariant sequence. C : predict ones general level of intelligence. D : vary greatly from culture to culture. Correct Answer : B 129 : Support for Kohlbergs theory of moral development includes data indicating that: A : external forces have a greater impact on the moral behavior of those operating at the lower stages of moral reasoning. B : females are superior on moral dilemmas that focus on nurturing. C : older individuals tend to regress to lower levels of moral thinking. D : the development of moral reasoning does not follow any specific sequence. Correct Answer : A 130 : There is little evidence to support Kohlbergs claim that the stages of moral reasoning are: A : measurable. B : universal. C : unconscious. D : biological. Correct Answer : B 131 : Kohlbergs emphasis on has not been supported by cross-cultural research. A : individual rights and justice as the basis for moral reasoning B : the biological nature of morality C : racial differences in morality D : IQ scores as a predictor of moral thinking Correct Answer : A 132 : Joe has lived all of his life in the United States, while Apu was raised in the Hindu faith in India. When presented with a dilemma concerning the morality of stealing: A : Joe would be much more likely to make a care-based decision. B : Apu would be much more likely to make a care-based decision. C : both Joe and Apu would likely make care-based decisions. D : both Joe and Apu would likely make justice-based decisions. Correct Answer : B 133 : Groups of Hindu adults and children from India and non-Hindu adults and children from the United States are read a dilemma in which a person is forced to choose between breaking the law to help out a friend or not breaking the law but disappointing the friend. What results would you expect? A : No group chose to break the law. B : The adults chose to break the law. C : Those from India chose to break the law. D : All groups chose to break the law. Correct Answer : C 134 : Children and adolescents in many cultures begin reasoning about moral dilemmas at: A : stage five or six. B : stage four or five. C : infancy. D : stage two or three. Correct Answer : D 135 : Research has indicated that the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to: A : avoid allowing them to voice amoral opinions. B : encourage direct observation of immoral behavior. C : sign a social contract. D : discuss moral issues. Correct Answer : D 136 : Research suggests that adolescents involved with are positively influenced in moral reasoning and moral behavior. A : after-school sports B : religious youth groups C : part-time work D : domestic chores Correct Answer : B 137 : Which activity is LEAST likely to raise Chelseas moral reasoning to a more sophisticated level? A : Making decisions based on social norms B : Participating in a church youth group C : Watching a peer stand up for another regardless of the consequences D : Discussing moral dilemmas with her parents Correct Answer : A ESSAY 138 : Most people view puberty as a strictly biological event. Describe both physiological and environmental factors that influence the process of puberty. Correct Answer : Nutrition and health play a role in the onset of puberty. Puberty occurs earlier in girls who are heavier and taller but later in girls with chronic illnesses or inadequate nutrition. Menarche occurs at younger ages in girls who experience chronic stress or who are depressed. 139 : The exact timing of puberty varies. Discuss psychological advantages and disadvantages of early and later puberty for both females and males. Correct Answer : Early maturation can be harmful for girls and lead to less self-confidence, being less popular, depression, behavior problems and smoking and drinking. However, when early-maturing girls have warm, supportive parents, they are less likely to suffer the harmful consequences of early maturation. Early maturation can be harmful for boys and put them at risk for depression, substance abuse, and sexual activity. For both boys and girls, maturing late poses few risks. Late-maturing girls fare well; late-maturing boys are at somewhat greater risk for depression. 140 : Discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of allowing a child or teen to participate in organized sports. Correct Answer : Participating in sports can enhance adolescents’ self-esteem and help them learn initiative. Sports can provide adolescents with a chance to learn important social skills. Potential drawbacks include injury, delinquent and antisocial behavior, and the use of illegal drugs, such as anabolic steroids, to improve performance. 141 : Describe common causes of death for teens in the United States. Be sure to discuss how the illusion of invulnerability contributes to the way teens die. Correct Answer : Among boys, most deaths are due to accidents involving motor vehicles or firearms. Among girls, most deaths are due to natural causes or accidents involving motor vehicles. Adolescent deaths from accidents can be explained in part by the illusion of invulnerability because adolescents take risks that adults often find unacceptable. Adolescents believe that only others experience the harmful consequences of risky behaviors. 142 : Design a study to determine if the working memory and speed of processing is different between 8-year-olds and 18-year-olds. Correct Answer : Possible ways to test for a difference in the size of working memory could include giving participants in each age group a large list of numbers to memorize quickly and testing them to see which age group remembers the most numbers. One possible way to test for a difference in the speed of processing is to test participants with response-time tasks on a series of visual stimuli and compare their average response times. 143 : Describe the six stages of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Correct Answer : Obedience orientation (Stage 1): moral reasoning is based on the belief that adults know what is right and what is wrong. Instrumental orientation (Stage 2): moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for one’s needs. Interpersonal norms (Stage 3): moral reasoning is based on winning the approval of others. Social system morality (Stage 4): moral reasoning is based on maintenance of order in society. Social contract (Stage 5): moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are for the good of all members of society. Universal ethical principles (Stage 6): moral reasoning is based on moral principles that apply to all. 144 : Describe how culture may impact moral decision-making and use the Hindu religion to illustrate this. Correct Answer : Cultures and religions vary on their emphasis of individual rights and justice and its influence in moral decision-making. For example, the Hindu religion emphasizes duty and responsibility to others. Consistent with this emphasis, when Hindu children and adults respond to moral dilemmas, they favor solutions that provide care for others even when individual rights or justice may suffer. They sometimes condone theft if it’s the best way to meet one’s responsibilities to care for others. 145 : Georges moral decision making is at the conventional level, while his wife Angies is at the postconventional level. Describe how these differences would impact a decision that they might make concerning a binge-drinking episode by their daughter Carmen. Correct Answer : George’s conventional moral reasoning would mean that he expects Carmen to behave like a “good girl” and not binge drink because it would make others think negatively of her. Angie’s postconventional moral reasoning would lead her to emphasize her obligations to her daughter and her compassion for her. She would be likely to make sure that Carmen is physically healthy following her binge drinking and educate her about the harmful effects of binge drinking on her physical well-being. 146 : You are working on a research paper and are considering plagiarizing the assignment by downloading a paper from the Web. Describe three reasons, one for each level of Kohlbergs model of moral development, as to why you would not plagiarize the paper. Next, describe three reasons, one for each level of Kohlbergs model of moral development, as to why you would plagiarize the paper. Correct Answer : Reasons why I would not plagiarize the paper.Preconventional: I shouldn’t plagiarize the paper because I could get kicked out of college.Conventional: I shouldn’t plagiarize the paper because I could be breaking copyright laws. Postconventional: I shouldn’t plagiarize the paper because, even though I’m going to fail this class, I would rather take the F than take credit for something I didn’t write.Reasons why I would plagiarize the paper.Preconventional: If I plagiarize this paper and turn it in I won’t be yelled at by my parents for getting an F in college.Conventional: If I plagiarize this paper I would just be doing what every other college student does.Postconventional: I am plagiarizing this paper because by getting an advanced degree I can improve the world more than the small bit of hurt I do it by putting my name on this downloaded research paper and handing it in. 147 : You are the parent of twins, one male and one female, who are entering puberty. Describe to them the primary and secondary sex characteristics that they will each be acquiring over the next few years. Correct Answer : Primary sex characteristics include the maturation of organs that are directly involved in reproduction (e.g., boys = testes, penis; girls =ovaries, vagina, uterus). For females, menarche (the onset of menstruation) is a key event. For males, spermarche (the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid) is a key event. Secondary sex characteristics are signs of maturation that are not directly linked to reproductive organs (e.g., boys = facial hair, voice change, girls = widening hips and developing breasts). Body fat increases more rapidly for girls. Heart and lung capacity increases more in boys.