CHAPTER 1
Biology – study of life. Biology is the science PROCEDURE: He designed the experiment
that deals with structures, functions of living using two sets of jars that were identical, but
things, and their relationships with their one jar had a gauze covering.
environment.
OBSERVATION:
bios – life
• Flies were attracted to both jars.
logos – study
However, the flies settle only on the
meat of the open jar, since the gauze
THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF blocked the flies from hovering onto the
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES meat in the other jar.
• Microbiology – study of microorganisms
• Botany – study of plants • Redi observed that maggots arose from
• Zoology – study of animals eggs laid by flies on the rotten meat but
not on the meat in the covered jar.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD CONCLUSION: Life arose from living matter
1. OBSERVATION – identifying and
such as maggots from eggs of flies, and not
clearly defining the problem
from spontaneous generation in the meat.
2. HYPOTHESIS – formulating a possible
logical answer to the identified problem NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
1745 – the English priest John Needham,
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING challenged Redi’s experiment. It was a
• INDUCTIVE REASONING – common knowledge at that time that boiling
specific to general can kill microorganisms.
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING –
general to specific
EXPERIMENT: Needham’s experiment tested
whether or not microorganisms can appear
3. EXPERIMENT – conducting controlled
spontaneously after boiling.
attempts to test one or more
hypotheses and includes recording and
analyzing results He placed a solution of boiled mutton broth in
a container and heated it. Then, he sealed it
4. CONCLUSION – formulating with corks proving that it could prevent
generalization about the results that anything from the environment to enter the
may accept, reject or modify hypothesis flask and generate life.
ABIOGENESIS – one belief that governed OBSERVATION:
their thinking is the theory of spontaneous • Needham observed that the both
generation. turned cloudy due to microorganisms.
BIOGENESIS – the belief that life originated
CONCLUSION: Life in the broth was caused
from preexisting life.
by spontaneous generation. In actuality, he did
not heat it long enough to kill all the microbes
REDI’S EXPERIMENT in the broth.
1668 – the Italian physician Francesco Redi
conducted an experiment that challenged the
idea of spontaneous generation.
, SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMNENT airborne microorganisms easily entered
the flask.
1767 – the Italian scientist Lazzaro
Spallanzani, challenged Needham’s
This experiment supported the theory of
experiment.
biogenesis and rejected spontaneous
generation.
EXPERIMENT: Spallanzani boiled a broth
containing meat and vegetables placed in
CONCLUSION: New organisms arise only
clean glass containers. Both containers were
when they are produced by existing
boiled, but one setup was not sealed, allowing
organisms.
air to enter the flask.
OBSERVATION:
CURRENT BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN
• Several days later, the open container
OF LIFE
was filled with a population of
- At present, the idea that life comes from
microorganisms, while the sealed
preexisting life is unquestionable based on
container remained sterile.
previous findings.
CONCLUSION: Life occurred from something
- Since the universe has a time of origin,
that entered the unsealed flask and that is was
life was thought to originate spontaneously
the responsible for life to grow.
from nonliving matter at least once in the past.
The results were not taken completely by the
believers of abiogenesis. They claimed that DIVINE CREATION
Spallanzani excluded air from sealed flasks, - The oldest hypothesis that life came
which they believed was needed for from a divine being is the most widely
spontaneous generation to occur. accepted belief.
PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT “Creationism” - believed that life forms and
everything in the universe were created
1861 – through Louis Pasteur’s experiment
through supernatural power rather than
that most scientist were convinced that
naturalistic one.
spontaneous generation does not occur.
- Creationists believed that everything
EXPERIMENT: Pasteur designed an was made by a supreme in a six-day period.
experiment to test the idea that a vital element
from air was necessary for life to occur. He
SPONTANEOUS ORIGIN
boiled sugar solution with yeast in flasks with
long neck.
- The hypothetical process by which
OBSERVATION: living organisms develop from nonliving
• The flasks were left open to allow the matter; also, the archaic theory that utilized
virtual element in air to enter, but no this process to explain the origin of life.
PANSPERMIA
organisms developed in the mixture.
“Panspermia” – propose that a meteor or
It was because the microorganism settled cosmic dust may have carried to Earth
on the bottom of the curved neck of the flask significant amounts of organic molecules,
and cannot reach the mixture. He also cut
which started the evolution of life.
the neck of the flask.
• Within two days, the solution was
teeming with microorganisms because
Biology – study of life. Biology is the science PROCEDURE: He designed the experiment
that deals with structures, functions of living using two sets of jars that were identical, but
things, and their relationships with their one jar had a gauze covering.
environment.
OBSERVATION:
bios – life
• Flies were attracted to both jars.
logos – study
However, the flies settle only on the
meat of the open jar, since the gauze
THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF blocked the flies from hovering onto the
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES meat in the other jar.
• Microbiology – study of microorganisms
• Botany – study of plants • Redi observed that maggots arose from
• Zoology – study of animals eggs laid by flies on the rotten meat but
not on the meat in the covered jar.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD CONCLUSION: Life arose from living matter
1. OBSERVATION – identifying and
such as maggots from eggs of flies, and not
clearly defining the problem
from spontaneous generation in the meat.
2. HYPOTHESIS – formulating a possible
logical answer to the identified problem NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
1745 – the English priest John Needham,
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING challenged Redi’s experiment. It was a
• INDUCTIVE REASONING – common knowledge at that time that boiling
specific to general can kill microorganisms.
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING –
general to specific
EXPERIMENT: Needham’s experiment tested
whether or not microorganisms can appear
3. EXPERIMENT – conducting controlled
spontaneously after boiling.
attempts to test one or more
hypotheses and includes recording and
analyzing results He placed a solution of boiled mutton broth in
a container and heated it. Then, he sealed it
4. CONCLUSION – formulating with corks proving that it could prevent
generalization about the results that anything from the environment to enter the
may accept, reject or modify hypothesis flask and generate life.
ABIOGENESIS – one belief that governed OBSERVATION:
their thinking is the theory of spontaneous • Needham observed that the both
generation. turned cloudy due to microorganisms.
BIOGENESIS – the belief that life originated
CONCLUSION: Life in the broth was caused
from preexisting life.
by spontaneous generation. In actuality, he did
not heat it long enough to kill all the microbes
REDI’S EXPERIMENT in the broth.
1668 – the Italian physician Francesco Redi
conducted an experiment that challenged the
idea of spontaneous generation.
, SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMNENT airborne microorganisms easily entered
the flask.
1767 – the Italian scientist Lazzaro
Spallanzani, challenged Needham’s
This experiment supported the theory of
experiment.
biogenesis and rejected spontaneous
generation.
EXPERIMENT: Spallanzani boiled a broth
containing meat and vegetables placed in
CONCLUSION: New organisms arise only
clean glass containers. Both containers were
when they are produced by existing
boiled, but one setup was not sealed, allowing
organisms.
air to enter the flask.
OBSERVATION:
CURRENT BELIEFS ABOUT THE ORIGIN
• Several days later, the open container
OF LIFE
was filled with a population of
- At present, the idea that life comes from
microorganisms, while the sealed
preexisting life is unquestionable based on
container remained sterile.
previous findings.
CONCLUSION: Life occurred from something
- Since the universe has a time of origin,
that entered the unsealed flask and that is was
life was thought to originate spontaneously
the responsible for life to grow.
from nonliving matter at least once in the past.
The results were not taken completely by the
believers of abiogenesis. They claimed that DIVINE CREATION
Spallanzani excluded air from sealed flasks, - The oldest hypothesis that life came
which they believed was needed for from a divine being is the most widely
spontaneous generation to occur. accepted belief.
PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT “Creationism” - believed that life forms and
everything in the universe were created
1861 – through Louis Pasteur’s experiment
through supernatural power rather than
that most scientist were convinced that
naturalistic one.
spontaneous generation does not occur.
- Creationists believed that everything
EXPERIMENT: Pasteur designed an was made by a supreme in a six-day period.
experiment to test the idea that a vital element
from air was necessary for life to occur. He
SPONTANEOUS ORIGIN
boiled sugar solution with yeast in flasks with
long neck.
- The hypothetical process by which
OBSERVATION: living organisms develop from nonliving
• The flasks were left open to allow the matter; also, the archaic theory that utilized
virtual element in air to enter, but no this process to explain the origin of life.
PANSPERMIA
organisms developed in the mixture.
“Panspermia” – propose that a meteor or
It was because the microorganism settled cosmic dust may have carried to Earth
on the bottom of the curved neck of the flask significant amounts of organic molecules,
and cannot reach the mixture. He also cut
which started the evolution of life.
the neck of the flask.
• Within two days, the solution was
teeming with microorganisms because
