GENERAL PHYSICS Rev
Physics FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
- deals with the interactions of matter, Kilogram (kg) : Mass
force, and energy. - measure of how much matte
- the most fundamental physical an object
science. Meter (m) : Length
- defined with atomic precision.
Types of Physics Ampere (A) : Electric Current
Classical Physics - the ampere is equal to the fl
- macroscopic level approximately 6 quin
Modern Physics electrons.
- created to solve the limitations in Mole (mol) : Substance
Classical Physics. - a mole is a shorthand way t
- microscopic level about a huge amount of tiny t
Classical Mechanics Candela (cd) : Luminous Intensity
- concerned with the motion of - one candela is about equal
objects light given off by a single cand
Thermodynamics
- dealing with heat, work, Kelvin (K) :Temperature
temperature, and statistical - primary unit of temperature
behavior of systems. International System of Units.
Electromagnetism - Water freezes at 273 K and b
- concerned with electricity, 373 K.
magnetism, and electro-magnetic - The coldest temperature is Z
energy also called the "absolute zero".
Relativity Uncertainty (?) : Unknown
- theory describing objects moving at - though not a base unit, uncer
any speed, even speeds is an important aspect o
approaching the speed of light. measurement. It tells you how
error is in a measurement an
Measurement much your number may diffe
- physicist use numbers to measure the actual "true" value.
numerical value.
- process of comparing something using SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
a set of standards. - shorthand way of writing larg
small numbers.
UNITS
N x 10n
• Standard - stated along with a
numerical value N = coefficient (1≤N<10 ) n = exponent (nu
• Metric System - INTERNATIONAL = also called the times the decima
SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
“mantissa” was moved)
→ mks system - meter, kilogram,
second
→ cgs system - centimeter, gram, Prefixes - used to denote de
second multiples and submultiple of the SI U
• English System
→ fps system - foot, pound, seconds • SI Units are the same world
regardless of the spelling, langua
Formulas alphabet.
• Prefix symbols are used with a
Speed = distance (m) / time (h)
symbol to represent smaller or
, GENERAL PHYSICS Rev
ACCURACY vs. PRECISION • Least Count : smallest value tha
Accuracy Precision be read from a measuring device.
• Lower scale in cm
closeness of a closeness or - least count : 1mm or 0.1 c
measured value to consistency of the divisions)
the expected or individual • Upper scale in In
true value. measurements. - least count : 0.125 in (8 division
RANDOM ERROR vs. SYSTEMATIC ERROR VECTORS
Random Error Systematic Error
• Scalar - quantity that is fully desc
results form results from the by a magnitude only
unpredictable or measuring
- described by a single number
inevitable changes instrument or in
during data the design of the - includes speed, volume, mas
measurement . This experiment itself. It time.
error affects affects accuracy. • Vector - quantity that has
precision. magnitude and a direction
- important in the study of motio
Formulas: - includes force, velocity, accele
and momentum.
Percent Error Percent Difference
- represented by an arrow bu
(Accuracy) (Precision)
also be written using bo
| x1 - x2 | letters or with an arrow at the
| X - XT | = —————— -
= —————— × 100% x1 - x2 × 100% VECTOR ADDITION
XT ———— • Graphical Method
2
→ head-to-tail method
XT = True Value - Also called the polygon metho
X = measured value - Draw the given 2 or more vect
using a scale and join them h
tail.
VARIANCE (σ2) → parallel and nonparallel
N = total number of - Parallel Vectors
σ2 = Σ (x - x
̄ )2 measurements - in the same directions
———— ̄ = mean
X - the resultant vectors a
N X = measured value sum of two vectors and
σ = sigma sign the same direction wit
given vectors.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE UNCERTAINTY - Nonparallel Vectors
Absolute Relative - in opposite directions
Uncertainty Uncertainty - the resultant vectors
subtracted to their magn
- has the same unit - Dimensionless and follow the direction
as the quantity and is obtained by vector that has the
itself. dividing the
magnitude value.
- It shows how absolute
large the error is. uncertainty by the • Analytical Method - component me
measured value. - for the analytical meth
- it shows how large vector addition
Physics FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
- deals with the interactions of matter, Kilogram (kg) : Mass
force, and energy. - measure of how much matte
- the most fundamental physical an object
science. Meter (m) : Length
- defined with atomic precision.
Types of Physics Ampere (A) : Electric Current
Classical Physics - the ampere is equal to the fl
- macroscopic level approximately 6 quin
Modern Physics electrons.
- created to solve the limitations in Mole (mol) : Substance
Classical Physics. - a mole is a shorthand way t
- microscopic level about a huge amount of tiny t
Classical Mechanics Candela (cd) : Luminous Intensity
- concerned with the motion of - one candela is about equal
objects light given off by a single cand
Thermodynamics
- dealing with heat, work, Kelvin (K) :Temperature
temperature, and statistical - primary unit of temperature
behavior of systems. International System of Units.
Electromagnetism - Water freezes at 273 K and b
- concerned with electricity, 373 K.
magnetism, and electro-magnetic - The coldest temperature is Z
energy also called the "absolute zero".
Relativity Uncertainty (?) : Unknown
- theory describing objects moving at - though not a base unit, uncer
any speed, even speeds is an important aspect o
approaching the speed of light. measurement. It tells you how
error is in a measurement an
Measurement much your number may diffe
- physicist use numbers to measure the actual "true" value.
numerical value.
- process of comparing something using SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
a set of standards. - shorthand way of writing larg
small numbers.
UNITS
N x 10n
• Standard - stated along with a
numerical value N = coefficient (1≤N<10 ) n = exponent (nu
• Metric System - INTERNATIONAL = also called the times the decima
SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
“mantissa” was moved)
→ mks system - meter, kilogram,
second
→ cgs system - centimeter, gram, Prefixes - used to denote de
second multiples and submultiple of the SI U
• English System
→ fps system - foot, pound, seconds • SI Units are the same world
regardless of the spelling, langua
Formulas alphabet.
• Prefix symbols are used with a
Speed = distance (m) / time (h)
symbol to represent smaller or
, GENERAL PHYSICS Rev
ACCURACY vs. PRECISION • Least Count : smallest value tha
Accuracy Precision be read from a measuring device.
• Lower scale in cm
closeness of a closeness or - least count : 1mm or 0.1 c
measured value to consistency of the divisions)
the expected or individual • Upper scale in In
true value. measurements. - least count : 0.125 in (8 division
RANDOM ERROR vs. SYSTEMATIC ERROR VECTORS
Random Error Systematic Error
• Scalar - quantity that is fully desc
results form results from the by a magnitude only
unpredictable or measuring
- described by a single number
inevitable changes instrument or in
during data the design of the - includes speed, volume, mas
measurement . This experiment itself. It time.
error affects affects accuracy. • Vector - quantity that has
precision. magnitude and a direction
- important in the study of motio
Formulas: - includes force, velocity, accele
and momentum.
Percent Error Percent Difference
- represented by an arrow bu
(Accuracy) (Precision)
also be written using bo
| x1 - x2 | letters or with an arrow at the
| X - XT | = —————— -
= —————— × 100% x1 - x2 × 100% VECTOR ADDITION
XT ———— • Graphical Method
2
→ head-to-tail method
XT = True Value - Also called the polygon metho
X = measured value - Draw the given 2 or more vect
using a scale and join them h
tail.
VARIANCE (σ2) → parallel and nonparallel
N = total number of - Parallel Vectors
σ2 = Σ (x - x
̄ )2 measurements - in the same directions
———— ̄ = mean
X - the resultant vectors a
N X = measured value sum of two vectors and
σ = sigma sign the same direction wit
given vectors.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE UNCERTAINTY - Nonparallel Vectors
Absolute Relative - in opposite directions
Uncertainty Uncertainty - the resultant vectors
subtracted to their magn
- has the same unit - Dimensionless and follow the direction
as the quantity and is obtained by vector that has the
itself. dividing the
magnitude value.
- It shows how absolute
large the error is. uncertainty by the • Analytical Method - component me
measured value. - for the analytical meth
- it shows how large vector addition
