CONTEMPORARY WORLD 2. SCEPTICS
-study of globalization -believe that globalization is a real
phenomenon.
-HIRST & THOMPSON (2009) said that
Globalization globalization is actually a misnomer
- one of the concepts in the lexicon of social (wrong/inaccurate) in describing the current state
sciences that is hard to define. There is no of global affairs.
consensus among the experts of the different -they believe that without global integration or
disciplines of social sciences on what really is market, the effects of globalization remain a “myth”.
globalization.
3. MODIFIERS
Definition of globalization from various scholars: -they do not believe that the idea of
globalization is just a recent phenomenon that
• “the characteristics of globalization trend include occurred in the last decade of the 20th century,
the internationalizing of production, the new ( they believed that globalization accelerated during
international division of labor, new migratory the last few decades of the 20th century)
movements from South to North, the new -robert gilpin claimed that the globalization
competitive environment that accelerated these of labour during the pre0-world war era is much
processes, & the internationalizing of the state into greater than the late 1990, and that international
agencies of the globalizing world” (Cox, nd, as cited claimed declined after war.
in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance -neo-marxist scholars can also classified into
Research Council, p.14, as cited by Aldama, 2018) modifiers. They claimed that the globalization as a
process dates back to the ancient empires of china,
• “globalization refers to global economic persia and Rome.
integration of many formerly national economies
into one global economy, mainly by free trade and
free capital mobility, but also by easy or GLOBALIZATION
uncontrolled migration. It is the effective ensure of • can be defined as a process of rapid economic,
national boundaries for economic purposes… what cultural & institutional integration among
was many becomes one.” (Daly, 1999, as cited by countries.
Aldama, 2018) • this may be driven by the liberation of trade,
investments & capital flow, technological advances,
• “As cultural process , globalization names the & pressures for assimilation towards international
explosion of a plurality of mutually intersecting, standards.
individually syncretic, local differences; the
emergence of new, hitherto suppressed identities; THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
& the expansion of world-wide media & technology
culture with the promise of popular ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
democratization,” (Jameson, 2001, as cited by - the focus is on the integration of international
Aldama, 2018) financial markets & the coordination of financial
exchange.
• “refers broadly to the process whereby power - free trade agreements, such as the North
is located in global social formations & expressed American Free Trade is the example of economic
through global networks rather than through globalization.
territorially-based states.” (Thomas, 1999, as cited - Multinational Corporations, which operate in
by Aldama, 2018) the two or more countries, play a large role in
economic globalization.
• ”(t)he inexorable integration of markets,
nation-states & technologies to a degree never POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
witnessed before- in a way that is enabling - this type covers the national policies that
individuals, corporations & nation-states to reach bring countries together politically, economically, &
around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cultural.
cheaper than ever before, in a way that is also - Organizations such as NATO & the UN are
producing a powerful backlash from those part of the political globalization effort.
brutalized or left behind by this new system…
Globalization means the spread of free-market CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
capitalism to virtually every country in the world.” - this aspect of globalization focuses is a large
(Friedman, 1999, as cited by Aldama, 2018) part on the technological & societal factors that are
causing cultures to converge.
MANFRED STEGER - these include increase ease of communication,
• a leading scholar on globalization classified 3 the persuasiveness of social media & access to
approaches of studying globalization based on faster & better transportation.
the works of various scholars.
-study of globalization -believe that globalization is a real
phenomenon.
-HIRST & THOMPSON (2009) said that
Globalization globalization is actually a misnomer
- one of the concepts in the lexicon of social (wrong/inaccurate) in describing the current state
sciences that is hard to define. There is no of global affairs.
consensus among the experts of the different -they believe that without global integration or
disciplines of social sciences on what really is market, the effects of globalization remain a “myth”.
globalization.
3. MODIFIERS
Definition of globalization from various scholars: -they do not believe that the idea of
globalization is just a recent phenomenon that
• “the characteristics of globalization trend include occurred in the last decade of the 20th century,
the internationalizing of production, the new ( they believed that globalization accelerated during
international division of labor, new migratory the last few decades of the 20th century)
movements from South to North, the new -robert gilpin claimed that the globalization
competitive environment that accelerated these of labour during the pre0-world war era is much
processes, & the internationalizing of the state into greater than the late 1990, and that international
agencies of the globalizing world” (Cox, nd, as cited claimed declined after war.
in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance -neo-marxist scholars can also classified into
Research Council, p.14, as cited by Aldama, 2018) modifiers. They claimed that the globalization as a
process dates back to the ancient empires of china,
• “globalization refers to global economic persia and Rome.
integration of many formerly national economies
into one global economy, mainly by free trade and
free capital mobility, but also by easy or GLOBALIZATION
uncontrolled migration. It is the effective ensure of • can be defined as a process of rapid economic,
national boundaries for economic purposes… what cultural & institutional integration among
was many becomes one.” (Daly, 1999, as cited by countries.
Aldama, 2018) • this may be driven by the liberation of trade,
investments & capital flow, technological advances,
• “As cultural process , globalization names the & pressures for assimilation towards international
explosion of a plurality of mutually intersecting, standards.
individually syncretic, local differences; the
emergence of new, hitherto suppressed identities; THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
& the expansion of world-wide media & technology
culture with the promise of popular ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
democratization,” (Jameson, 2001, as cited by - the focus is on the integration of international
Aldama, 2018) financial markets & the coordination of financial
exchange.
• “refers broadly to the process whereby power - free trade agreements, such as the North
is located in global social formations & expressed American Free Trade is the example of economic
through global networks rather than through globalization.
territorially-based states.” (Thomas, 1999, as cited - Multinational Corporations, which operate in
by Aldama, 2018) the two or more countries, play a large role in
economic globalization.
• ”(t)he inexorable integration of markets,
nation-states & technologies to a degree never POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
witnessed before- in a way that is enabling - this type covers the national policies that
individuals, corporations & nation-states to reach bring countries together politically, economically, &
around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cultural.
cheaper than ever before, in a way that is also - Organizations such as NATO & the UN are
producing a powerful backlash from those part of the political globalization effort.
brutalized or left behind by this new system…
Globalization means the spread of free-market CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
capitalism to virtually every country in the world.” - this aspect of globalization focuses is a large
(Friedman, 1999, as cited by Aldama, 2018) part on the technological & societal factors that are
causing cultures to converge.
MANFRED STEGER - these include increase ease of communication,
• a leading scholar on globalization classified 3 the persuasiveness of social media & access to
approaches of studying globalization based on faster & better transportation.
the works of various scholars.
