GENDER & SOCIETY
2ND CULTURAL DIMENSION:
MASCULINITY V.S. FEMININITY
A second dimension identified by Hofstede (2005) is
masculinity v.s. femininity
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD GENDER MASCULINITY
-The gen - words like general, gender, & genre are -stands for a society in which social gender roles
from the Latin genus, generis meaning “class, race, are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive,
sort”. tough, & focused on material success: Women are
- Gender & Genre were both borrowed from French, supposed to be more modest, tender, & concerned
but at different times - gender is the older, from the with the quality of life. Society at large is more
Medieval era , while genre is from the era of French competitive.
cultural dominance.
-These words re related to “gene, genetic” through FEMININITY
Proto-Indo-European gen-, “to be born”. Kin is the -stands for a society in which social gender roles
cognate in the Germanic language. overlap. Both men & women are supposed to be
modest, tender, & concerned with the quality of life.
Society at large is more consensus-oriented.
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD SOCIETY
-1530s, “companionship, friendship association with COUNTRIES HIGH ON MASCULINITY:
other”,from Old French societe “company” from Japan & Venezuela
Latin societation means “fellowship, association, COUNTRIES HIGH ON FEMININITY:
union, community” , from socius “companion, ally”. Norway & Sweden
-Meaning “group, club” is from 1540s, originally of
association of persons for some specific purpose.
-Meaning “people bound by neighborhood &
intercourse ( exchange especially of thoughts or DIFFERENCE OF GENDER TO SEX & SEXUALITY
feelings) aware of living together in an ordered
community” is from 1630s GENDER
-is a social concept on how men & women should
HOW GENDER IS DEFINED? think, feel, & act.
-refers to femininity or masculinity of a person’s
- According to Maciones (2002), Gender refers to the
role & behavior as identified by society.
personal traits & social position that members of a
society attach to being male & female. GENDER ROLE
- According to News Medical Today (2018), “Gender” -is often an outward expression of gender
is more difficult to define, but it can refer to the role identity.
of a male & female in society, known as gender role, - is manifested within society by observable
or an individual’s concept of themselves or gender factors such as behavior & appearance.
identity. -your gender role demonstrates the typical
-the World Health Organization (WHO) defines characteristics of a person in his/her behavior.
gender as “Gender refers to the socially constructed
characteristics of women & me, such as norms, roles, + Gender roles in society means how we’re expected
& relationship of & between groups of women & men. to act, speak, dress, groom & conduct ourselves
It varies from society to society & can be changed. based upon our assigned sex.
-In, psychological terms, Gender refers to the + Every society, ethnic group, & culture has gender
cultural, social & psychological meaning that are role expressions, but they can be very different from
associated with masculinity & femininity (Wood & group to group. They can also change in the same
Eagly, 2002) society overtime. (e.g. Pink used to be considered a
- Sociological term for Gender; Gender is a term that masculine color in the U.S., while blue was
refers to social or cultural distinctions associated considered feminine.
with being male or female. Gender Identity is the
extent to which one identifies as being either SEX
masculine or feminine (Diamond, 2002) -is a major aspect of personality.
-October 2016, when Pope Francis, during a pastoral -the process of sexual development begins from
visit to Georgia , denounced ‘gender theory’ as a birth to adulthood thus it is a continuous
threat to the teaching of Roman Catholic Church. development process throughout life.
+Either of the two main categories (male & female)
SOCIOLOGY OF GENDER into which human & most other living things are
-The sociology of gender examines how society divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.
influences our understanding & perception of
differences between masculinity (what society deems
appropriate behavior for a “man”) & femininity (what SEXUALITY
-is a natural & healthy part of life.
society deems appropriate behavior for a “woman”).
-is everything about being a male or female.
We examine how this, in turn, influence identity &
- is the most important aspect in masculine or
2ND CULTURAL DIMENSION:
MASCULINITY V.S. FEMININITY
A second dimension identified by Hofstede (2005) is
masculinity v.s. femininity
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD GENDER MASCULINITY
-The gen - words like general, gender, & genre are -stands for a society in which social gender roles
from the Latin genus, generis meaning “class, race, are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive,
sort”. tough, & focused on material success: Women are
- Gender & Genre were both borrowed from French, supposed to be more modest, tender, & concerned
but at different times - gender is the older, from the with the quality of life. Society at large is more
Medieval era , while genre is from the era of French competitive.
cultural dominance.
-These words re related to “gene, genetic” through FEMININITY
Proto-Indo-European gen-, “to be born”. Kin is the -stands for a society in which social gender roles
cognate in the Germanic language. overlap. Both men & women are supposed to be
modest, tender, & concerned with the quality of life.
Society at large is more consensus-oriented.
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD SOCIETY
-1530s, “companionship, friendship association with COUNTRIES HIGH ON MASCULINITY:
other”,from Old French societe “company” from Japan & Venezuela
Latin societation means “fellowship, association, COUNTRIES HIGH ON FEMININITY:
union, community” , from socius “companion, ally”. Norway & Sweden
-Meaning “group, club” is from 1540s, originally of
association of persons for some specific purpose.
-Meaning “people bound by neighborhood &
intercourse ( exchange especially of thoughts or DIFFERENCE OF GENDER TO SEX & SEXUALITY
feelings) aware of living together in an ordered
community” is from 1630s GENDER
-is a social concept on how men & women should
HOW GENDER IS DEFINED? think, feel, & act.
-refers to femininity or masculinity of a person’s
- According to Maciones (2002), Gender refers to the
role & behavior as identified by society.
personal traits & social position that members of a
society attach to being male & female. GENDER ROLE
- According to News Medical Today (2018), “Gender” -is often an outward expression of gender
is more difficult to define, but it can refer to the role identity.
of a male & female in society, known as gender role, - is manifested within society by observable
or an individual’s concept of themselves or gender factors such as behavior & appearance.
identity. -your gender role demonstrates the typical
-the World Health Organization (WHO) defines characteristics of a person in his/her behavior.
gender as “Gender refers to the socially constructed
characteristics of women & me, such as norms, roles, + Gender roles in society means how we’re expected
& relationship of & between groups of women & men. to act, speak, dress, groom & conduct ourselves
It varies from society to society & can be changed. based upon our assigned sex.
-In, psychological terms, Gender refers to the + Every society, ethnic group, & culture has gender
cultural, social & psychological meaning that are role expressions, but they can be very different from
associated with masculinity & femininity (Wood & group to group. They can also change in the same
Eagly, 2002) society overtime. (e.g. Pink used to be considered a
- Sociological term for Gender; Gender is a term that masculine color in the U.S., while blue was
refers to social or cultural distinctions associated considered feminine.
with being male or female. Gender Identity is the
extent to which one identifies as being either SEX
masculine or feminine (Diamond, 2002) -is a major aspect of personality.
-October 2016, when Pope Francis, during a pastoral -the process of sexual development begins from
visit to Georgia , denounced ‘gender theory’ as a birth to adulthood thus it is a continuous
threat to the teaching of Roman Catholic Church. development process throughout life.
+Either of the two main categories (male & female)
SOCIOLOGY OF GENDER into which human & most other living things are
-The sociology of gender examines how society divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.
influences our understanding & perception of
differences between masculinity (what society deems
appropriate behavior for a “man”) & femininity (what SEXUALITY
-is a natural & healthy part of life.
society deems appropriate behavior for a “woman”).
-is everything about being a male or female.
We examine how this, in turn, influence identity &
- is the most important aspect in masculine or
