FTCE Reading K-12 Questions &
Answers 2022
Ability Grouping - ANSWER-Grouping of children with similar needs for instructional
purposes. They do not remain constant throughout the year but change as the children's
needs within them change.
Phoneme - ANSWER-The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word
different from another word.
Independent Reading Level - ANSWER-The level at which a student can read a text on
his/her own as indicated by a 95% accuracy rate.
Grapheme - ANSWER-Unit of writing that represents a single phoneme-can be a letter
or group of letters.
Morpheme - ANSWER-Smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of language (e.g., in,
come, -ing, forming incoming ).
Instructional Level - ANSWER-The level at which students can read with the assistace
of a teacher as indicated by an 85-95% accuracy rate.
Action Research - ANSWER-Teacher research that is carried out by a teacher
practitioner in the classroom to help a teacher evaluate his/her performance in the
classroom
Frustration Level - ANSWER-The level at which students shouldn't read and indicates
an accuracy rate below 85%.
Adams, Marilyn Jager - ANSWER-A theorist in early reading (emergent reading) who
has identified five tasks for phonemic awareness: Task 1- Ability to hear rhymes and
alliteration. Task 2- Ability to do oddity tasks (recognize the member of a set that is
different.) Task 3 -The ability to orally blend words and split syllables. Task 4 -The ability
to orally segment word. Task 5- The ability to do phonics manipulation tasks.
Allington, Richard - ANSWER-Matching Text to Readers. Research has included
reading and learning disabilities, and effective instruction in classroom settings.
Alliteration - ANSWER-Occurs when words begin with the same consonant sound, as in
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Alphabetic Principle - ANSWER-The idea that written spellings represent spoken words.
Also known as graphophenemic awareness.
,Anchor Book - ANSWER-A balanced literacy term for a book that is purposely read
repeatedly and used as part of both the reading and writing workshop. It is a good idea
to use certain books that become the children's familiar and cherished favorites for both
reading and inspiring children's writing.
Assonance - ANSWER-Repetition of stressed vowel sounds within words with different
end consonants. "Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese".
Atwell, Nancy - ANSWER-Author of "In The Middle: Writing, Reading and Learning With
Adolescents". She believes that students become better writers if they are given
ownership of what they are writing and long uninterrupted blocks of time to write.
Rejects lectures, assignments, tests and worksheets. Mini-lessons are good to address
topics as needed.
Authentic Assessment - ANSWER-Assessment activities that reflect the actual
workplace, family, community, and school curriculum.
Balanced Literacy Lesson Format - ANSWER-A format for the delivery of a literacy
lesson, whether it is a reading or writing-workshop lesson. The format begins with a 10-
15 minute mini-lesson delivered by the teacher to the whole class. This mini-lesson is
then followed by a thirty-minute small-group lesson (the children break into small groups
to work). It concludes with a 10-minute share session during which the whole class
reconvenes to share what they have done in the small groups. This format is often
referred to as the whole-small-whole group approach.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-Learning is the acquisition of new behavior through
conditioning. Three basic assumptions are held to be true. First, learning is manifested
by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the
principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed)
and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be
repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.
Benchmarks - ANSWER-School, state, or nationally-mandated statements of
expectations for student learning and achievement in various content areas.
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (An ELL/Bilingual Education term) -
ANSWER-Learning second-language skills and becoming proficient in a second
language through face to face interaction-translation through speaking, listening, and
viewing.
Big Books - ANSWER-Best way to model directionality and one to one word matching in
primary grades.
Blending - ANSWER-The process of hearing separate phonemes and being able to
merge them together to read the word.
, Book Features - ANSWER-Children need to be familiar with the following: front and
back cover; title and half-title page; dedication page; table of contents; prologue and
epilogue; and foreword and after notes. For factual books, children need to be familiar
with labels, captions, glossary, index, headings and subheadings of chapters, charts
and diagrams, and sidebars.
Bound Morpheme - ANSWER-An inflectional ending that can be added to a base word
to change its case, gender, number, tense or form. It cannot stand alone.
Brown & Palinscar - ANSWER-Reciprocal Teaching researchers
Bruner, Jerome - ANSWER-Scaffolding. Contructivism.
Calkins, Lucy - ANSWER-Writing and Reading Workshops. A "constructivist" who
believes that children develop a passion for reading when they are given freedom to
choose books that are meaningful to them. Her approach to literacy is that children work
in small groups and consult each other as much as possible. She advocates that
teachers routinely engage in conferences with each individual child about his writing
and reading. Took Graves' ideas on writing and translated them to include reading.
Chall, Jeanne - ANSWER-The earliest reading researcher to come to the conclusion
that phonics and decoding should be emphasized from the very beginning of reading
instruction.
Chard and Osborn - ANSWER-Theorists who established guidelines for children with
reading disabilities showing that it is essential for them to work intensely on the
alphabetic principle/graphophenemic awareness.
Checklist - ANSWER-An assessment form that lists targeted learning and social
behaviors as indicators of achievement, knowledge, or skill. They can be professionally-
or teacher-prepared.
Cinquain - ANSWER-A five-line poem that can be read and then used as a model for
writing. Generally, line 1 of this format is a single word; line 2 has 2 words that describe
the title of line 1; line 3 is comprised of 3 words that are movement words; line 4 has 4
words that express feeling; and line 5 has a single word that is a synonym for line 1's
single word.
Clay, Marie - ANSWER-A key theorist whose work has helped teacher's document
children's oral reading progress throughout the school year. New Zealand born
researcher in the field of special needs emergent literacy. Known for Running Records.
Cognitivism - ANSWER-The theory that humans generate knowledge and meaning
through sequential development of an individual's cognitive abilities, such as the mental
processes of recognition, recollection, analysis, reflection, application, creation,
Answers 2022
Ability Grouping - ANSWER-Grouping of children with similar needs for instructional
purposes. They do not remain constant throughout the year but change as the children's
needs within them change.
Phoneme - ANSWER-The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word
different from another word.
Independent Reading Level - ANSWER-The level at which a student can read a text on
his/her own as indicated by a 95% accuracy rate.
Grapheme - ANSWER-Unit of writing that represents a single phoneme-can be a letter
or group of letters.
Morpheme - ANSWER-Smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of language (e.g., in,
come, -ing, forming incoming ).
Instructional Level - ANSWER-The level at which students can read with the assistace
of a teacher as indicated by an 85-95% accuracy rate.
Action Research - ANSWER-Teacher research that is carried out by a teacher
practitioner in the classroom to help a teacher evaluate his/her performance in the
classroom
Frustration Level - ANSWER-The level at which students shouldn't read and indicates
an accuracy rate below 85%.
Adams, Marilyn Jager - ANSWER-A theorist in early reading (emergent reading) who
has identified five tasks for phonemic awareness: Task 1- Ability to hear rhymes and
alliteration. Task 2- Ability to do oddity tasks (recognize the member of a set that is
different.) Task 3 -The ability to orally blend words and split syllables. Task 4 -The ability
to orally segment word. Task 5- The ability to do phonics manipulation tasks.
Allington, Richard - ANSWER-Matching Text to Readers. Research has included
reading and learning disabilities, and effective instruction in classroom settings.
Alliteration - ANSWER-Occurs when words begin with the same consonant sound, as in
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Alphabetic Principle - ANSWER-The idea that written spellings represent spoken words.
Also known as graphophenemic awareness.
,Anchor Book - ANSWER-A balanced literacy term for a book that is purposely read
repeatedly and used as part of both the reading and writing workshop. It is a good idea
to use certain books that become the children's familiar and cherished favorites for both
reading and inspiring children's writing.
Assonance - ANSWER-Repetition of stressed vowel sounds within words with different
end consonants. "Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese".
Atwell, Nancy - ANSWER-Author of "In The Middle: Writing, Reading and Learning With
Adolescents". She believes that students become better writers if they are given
ownership of what they are writing and long uninterrupted blocks of time to write.
Rejects lectures, assignments, tests and worksheets. Mini-lessons are good to address
topics as needed.
Authentic Assessment - ANSWER-Assessment activities that reflect the actual
workplace, family, community, and school curriculum.
Balanced Literacy Lesson Format - ANSWER-A format for the delivery of a literacy
lesson, whether it is a reading or writing-workshop lesson. The format begins with a 10-
15 minute mini-lesson delivered by the teacher to the whole class. This mini-lesson is
then followed by a thirty-minute small-group lesson (the children break into small groups
to work). It concludes with a 10-minute share session during which the whole class
reconvenes to share what they have done in the small groups. This format is often
referred to as the whole-small-whole group approach.
Behaviorism - ANSWER-Learning is the acquisition of new behavior through
conditioning. Three basic assumptions are held to be true. First, learning is manifested
by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the
principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed)
and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be
repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.
Benchmarks - ANSWER-School, state, or nationally-mandated statements of
expectations for student learning and achievement in various content areas.
BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (An ELL/Bilingual Education term) -
ANSWER-Learning second-language skills and becoming proficient in a second
language through face to face interaction-translation through speaking, listening, and
viewing.
Big Books - ANSWER-Best way to model directionality and one to one word matching in
primary grades.
Blending - ANSWER-The process of hearing separate phonemes and being able to
merge them together to read the word.
, Book Features - ANSWER-Children need to be familiar with the following: front and
back cover; title and half-title page; dedication page; table of contents; prologue and
epilogue; and foreword and after notes. For factual books, children need to be familiar
with labels, captions, glossary, index, headings and subheadings of chapters, charts
and diagrams, and sidebars.
Bound Morpheme - ANSWER-An inflectional ending that can be added to a base word
to change its case, gender, number, tense or form. It cannot stand alone.
Brown & Palinscar - ANSWER-Reciprocal Teaching researchers
Bruner, Jerome - ANSWER-Scaffolding. Contructivism.
Calkins, Lucy - ANSWER-Writing and Reading Workshops. A "constructivist" who
believes that children develop a passion for reading when they are given freedom to
choose books that are meaningful to them. Her approach to literacy is that children work
in small groups and consult each other as much as possible. She advocates that
teachers routinely engage in conferences with each individual child about his writing
and reading. Took Graves' ideas on writing and translated them to include reading.
Chall, Jeanne - ANSWER-The earliest reading researcher to come to the conclusion
that phonics and decoding should be emphasized from the very beginning of reading
instruction.
Chard and Osborn - ANSWER-Theorists who established guidelines for children with
reading disabilities showing that it is essential for them to work intensely on the
alphabetic principle/graphophenemic awareness.
Checklist - ANSWER-An assessment form that lists targeted learning and social
behaviors as indicators of achievement, knowledge, or skill. They can be professionally-
or teacher-prepared.
Cinquain - ANSWER-A five-line poem that can be read and then used as a model for
writing. Generally, line 1 of this format is a single word; line 2 has 2 words that describe
the title of line 1; line 3 is comprised of 3 words that are movement words; line 4 has 4
words that express feeling; and line 5 has a single word that is a synonym for line 1's
single word.
Clay, Marie - ANSWER-A key theorist whose work has helped teacher's document
children's oral reading progress throughout the school year. New Zealand born
researcher in the field of special needs emergent literacy. Known for Running Records.
Cognitivism - ANSWER-The theory that humans generate knowledge and meaning
through sequential development of an individual's cognitive abilities, such as the mental
processes of recognition, recollection, analysis, reflection, application, creation,
